Axonal degeneration and demyelination following traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hassannejad, Zahra; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Azizi, Yaser; Zadegan, Shayan Abdollah; Sajadi, Kiavash; Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi; Shakouri-Motlagh, Aida; Mokhatab, Mona; Rezvan, Motahareh; Shokraneh, Farhad; Hosseini, Mostafa; Vaccaro, Alexander R.; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa

doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.009

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Damage to the spinal cord often results in the degeneration of corticospinal axons (Hill et al, 2001;Hassannejad et al, 2019) which can alter characteristics of physiological responses of the corticospinal tract (Ellaway et al, 2007;Oudega and Perez, 2012). For instance, it has been demonstrated that in people with SCI amplitudes of MEPs are reduced, latencies are prolonged, and motor thresholds are increased compared to uninjured controls (Davey et al, 1998;Ellaway et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crossed Corticospinal Facilitation Between Arm and Trunk Muscles Correlates With Trunk Control After Spinal Cord Injury

Chiou

Strutton

2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Objective: To investigate whether crossed corticospinal facilitation between arm and trunk muscles is preserved following spinal cord injury (SCI) and to elucidate these neural interactions for postural control during functional arm movements. Methods: Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 22 subjects with incomplete SCI motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the erector spinae (ES) muscle were examined when the contralateral arm was at rest or performed 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of biceps brachii (BB) or triceps brachii (TB). Trunk function was assessed with rapid shoulder flexion and forward-reaching tasks. Results: MEP amplitudes in ES were increased during elbow flexion in some subjects and this facilitatory effect was more prominent in subjects with thoracic SCI than in the subjects with cervical SCI. Those who showed the increased MEPs during elbow flexion had faster reaction times and quicker anticipatory postural adjustments of the trunk in the rapid shoulder flexion task. The onset of EMG activity in ES during the rapid shoulder flexion task correlated with the trunk excursion in forward-reaching. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that crossed corticospinal facilitation in the trunk muscles can be preserved after SCI and is reflected in trunk control during functional arm movements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crossed Corticospinal Facilitation Between Arm and Trunk Muscles Correlates With Trunk Control After Spinal Cord Injury

Chiou

Strutton

2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…After demyelination, myelinated sheath reappears around the axons gradually in the chronic phase of injury. However, thickness and length of this regenerated myelin are smaller than in intact axons, leading to a decrease in conduction velocity and an increase in the reflex latency [17][18][19].…”

Section: Reflex Latencies In Both Groupsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…When the spinal cord is injured, the primary injury caused by the initial traumatic event are followed by the secondary injuries created by a series of biological and functional changes including activation of autophagy in the dorsal root ganglia, demyelination, trans-synaptic degeneration [17][18][19][20]. Demyelination following SCI is a result of rapid death of oligodendrocytes which are vulnerable to damage.…”

Section: Reflex Latencies In Both Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These reflex responses and the muscle tone is increase in patients with spasticity [8]. In addition to the change in amplitude of the spindlebased reflex responses, reflex latency may also change due to activation of autophagy in the dorsal root ganglia, demyelination, trans-synaptic degeneration in people with SCI [17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the receptor origin of vibration-induced reflexes

Yildirim¹,

Topkara

Aydın³

et al. 2020

Spinal Cord

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Study Design An experimental design.Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the latencies of vibration-induced reflexes in individuals with and without spinal cord injury (SCI), and to compare these latencies to identify differences in reflex circuitries. SettingA tertiary rehabilitation centre in Istanbul Methods Seventeen individuals with chronic SCI (SCI group) and 23 participants without SCI (Control group) were included in this study. Latency of tonic vibration reflex (TVR), and whole body vibration-induced muscular reflex (WBV-IMR) of the left soleus muscle were tested for estimating the reflex origins. The local tendon vibration was applied at six different vibration frequencies (50, 85, 140, 185, 235 and 265 Hz), each lasting for 15 s with 3-s rest intervals. The whole body vibration was applied at six different vibration frequencies (35, 37, 39, 41, 43 and 45 Hz), each lasting for 15 s with 3-s rest intervals.Results Mean (SD) TVR latency was 39.7 (5.3) milliseconds in the SCI group and 35.9 (2.7) milliseconds in the Control group with a mean (95% CI) difference of -3.8 (-6.7 to -0.9) milliseconds. Mean (SD) WBV-IMR latency was 45.8 (7.4) milliseconds in the SCI group and 43.3 (3.0) milliseconds in the Control group with a mean (95% CI) difference of -2.5 (-6.5 to 1.4) milliseconds. There were significant differences between TVR latency and WBV-IMR latency in both the groups (mean (95% CI) difference; -6.2 (-9.3 to -3.0) milliseconds p = 0.0001 for SCI group and -7.4 (-9.3 to -5.6) milliseconds p = 0.011 for Control group). ConclusionsThe results suggests that the receptor of origin of TVR and WBV-IMR may be different.

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“…The use of this technique is a common method in animal meta-analysis studies. [22][23][24][25] Outcome First, we aimed to evaluate the effect of MSCs-CM on pulmonary fibrosis score, lung collagen deposition, collagen subtypes expression, TGF-β1 expression and other profibrotic chemokines. Since meta-analysis should be performed when the outcome has been reported in at least two studies, we had to assess pulmonary fibrosis score, lung collagen deposition, type I collagen, type III collagen, TGF-β1 expression and interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression.…”

Section: Data Gathering and Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived Conditioned Medium in Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Background: A definitive conclusion on the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells-derived conditioned medium (MSCs-CM) in pulmonary fibrosis has not yet been reached. Therefore, the present meta-analysis intends to investigate the efficacy of MSCs-CM administration on improvement of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: An extensive search was performed on the Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases by the end of August 2019. Outcomes in the present study included pulmonary fibrosis score, lung collagen deposition, lung collagen expression, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) expression and interleukin-6 expression. Finally, the data were pooled and an overall standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. Results: Data from seven studies were included. Analyses showed that administration of MSCs-CM significantly improved pulmonary fibrosis (SMD = -2.36; 95% CI: -3.21, -1.51). MSCs-CM administration also attenuated lung collagen deposition (SMD = -1.70; 95% CI: -2.18, -1.23) and decreased expression of type I collagen (SMD = -6.27; 95% CI: -11.00, -1.55), type III collagen (SMD = -5.16; 95% CI: -9.86, -0.47), TGF- β1 (SMD = -3.36; 95% CI: - 5.62, -1.09) and interleukin-6 (SMD = -1.69; 95% CI: - 3.14, -0.24). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis showed that administration of MSCs-CM improves pulmonary fibrosis. It seems that the effect of MSCs-CM was mediated by reducing collagen deposition as well as inhibiting the production of inflammatory chemokines such as TGF-β1 and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Since there is no evidence on the efficacy of MSCs-CM in large animals, further studies are needed to translate the finding to clinical studies.

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Axonal degeneration and demyelination following traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 29 publications

References 76 publications

Crossed Corticospinal Facilitation Between Arm and Trunk Muscles Correlates With Trunk Control After Spinal Cord Injury

Crossed Corticospinal Facilitation Between Arm and Trunk Muscles Correlates With Trunk Control After Spinal Cord Injury

Exploring the receptor origin of vibration-induced reflexes

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived Conditioned Medium in Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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