B-cell epitopes of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 recognised by immune horse sera

Abstract

Identifying antigenic proteins and mapping their epitopes is important for the development of diagnostic reagents and recombinant vaccines. B-cell epitopes of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) have previously been mapped on VP2, VP5, VP7 and NS1, using mouse, rabbit and chicken monoclonal antibodies. A comprehensive study of the humoral immune response of five vaccinated horses to AHSV-4 antigenic peptides was undertaken. A fragmented-genome phage display library expressing a repertoire of AHSV-4 peptides spanning the entire genome was constructed. The library was affinity selected for binders on immobilised polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) isolated from horse sera collected pre- and post-immunisation with an attenuated AHSV-4 monovalent vaccine. The DNA inserts of binding phages were sequenced with Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The data were normalised using pre-immune IgG-selected sequences. More sequences mapped to the genes coding for NS3, VP6 and VP5 than to the other genes. However, VP2 and VP5 each had more antigenic regions than each of the other proteins. This study identified a number of epitopes to which the horse’s humoral immune system responds during immunisation with AHSV-4.

Comparative immune responses after vaccination with the formulated inactivated African horse sickness vaccine serotype 1 between naïve horses and pretreated horses with the live-attenuated African horse sickness vaccine

“…Memory B cell’s function is to memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell during the initial infection such that if the memory B cell later encounters the same antigen, it triggers an accelerated and robust secondary immune response. Memory B cells have B-cell receptors on their cell membrane, identical to the one on their parent cell, that allows them to recognize AHSV serotype 1 and mount a specific antibody response [ 28 ]. Thus, the primary injection of formulated IAV vaccine in adult horses immunized with a LAV vaccine would induce rapid high antibody titers than those of naïve horses with the primary injection of formulated IAV vaccine.…”

Differences in Antibodies Against Blood Group, HBV, and Salmonella Regarding Protein Content, Activity, and Affinity in Black and Yellow Healthy Individuals

“…In our study, Black and Yellow various ethnic groups are healthy volunteers and the results explained in detail the antibody production features, the affinity of anti-A/B blood group antibodies, S. typhi O antibody, and anti-HBs antibody in Black individuals were statistically higher than Yellow individuals. The termination of infections in the human body is a result of high antibody affinity to antigen that finally clears the antigen (35)(36)(37). Our study revealed that the total protein contents of anti-A/B natural antibodies, S. typhi antibody, and anti-HBs antibody were higher in Black than in Yellow individuals, and the results showed that the protein content of anti-HBs antibody was statistically higher in Black individual than Yellow individuals, but no significant differences were observed in the protein contents of anti-A/B blood group and S. typhi O antibody among the two groups of individuals.…”

The impact of Escherichia coli contamination products present in recombinant African horse sickness virus serotype 4 proteins on the innate and humoral immune responses

“…It is plausible that the expression of fewer type I IFNs downstream of TLR signalling only (possibly via Additionally, after binding to the AHSV-infected cell membrane during virus replication, the extracellular domain of NS3 (Avia et al, 2019) is exposed to the extracellular environment where it can be recognized by BCRs and antibodies (Mathebula et al, 2017). While this remains to be investigated, there is a possibility that several if not all of the individual AHSV proteins could be released into the extracellular environment where they can be recognized by BCRs and antibodies at various stages during AHSV infections.…”