B-site modified photoferroic Cr³⁺-doped barium titanate nanoparticles: microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis, photocatalytic and electrochemical properties

Abstract

We report on the synthesis of photoferroic Cr3+-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles with nominal Cr content ranging from 2–8 mol% by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method.

WITHDRAWN: Unraveling Dielectric Abnormality Based on the Effect of Defect Dipoles in Cr Ion Doped Multipurpose Properties of BCT Ceramics

“…The ionic radii of Cr 3+ (0.615 Å) is very close to Ti 4+ (0.62 Å) which makes this configuration highly favorable in the BCT system [24]. Therefore, it is expected that Ti ions can be doped by Cr ions in the BCT lattice.…”

“…Cr doping brings significant improvement in stabilizing the crystal structure through the formation of solid-solution, enhances the aging effect, decrease dielectric losses, and tune transducer properties of ceramic systems [14,26,30,35]. Cr ions can exist in Cr 2+ , Cr 3+ , Cr 4+ , Cr 5+ and Cr 6+ oxidation states with ionic radii 0.80 Å, 0.615 Å, 0.55 Å, 0.49 Å and 0.44 Å respectively in six coordinated octahedral [24,36]. The difference between ionic radii of substituted cations and dopant ions must be within ± 15% to form a stable solid-solution [30].…”

“…Currently, the search for Lead-free dielectric ceramics with ergonomic properties is focused on the compositions of BaTiO3, which is a well-studied perovskite ferroelectric material due to its enormous practical applications [13,[18][19][20][21]. Modification in the structure and properties of BaTiO3 can be made by doping with a variety of dopant ions (dopant engineering) for fetching multiple applications from doped ceramic materials [5,15,20,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. The properties of ceramic materials are highly dependent on final crystal symmetry, choice of dopant, the disparity in ionic radii between host/parent and dopant cations, doping concentration, and preparation conditions [28] The A-site substitution of smaller ionic radii Ca 2+ (1.34 Å) in BaTiO3 is caused by replacing Ba 2+ ions with larger ionic radii (1.61 Å) within its solid solution limit.…”

Rhodium doping augments photocatalytic activity of barium titanate: effect of electronic structure engineering

“…14,15,22,23 Various dopants such as Ce, Cr, Fe, In, Mn, Mo, Ni, N, Rh, W, and Zn have been used to reduce the band gap of BaTiO 3 and bring its absorption from the UV to the visible region of the solar spectrum, thus improving its photocatalytic efficiency. 4,6,13,17,[24][25][26][27][28][29] Doped BaTiO 3 has largely been used for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen rather than degradation of dyes. 4,6,27,30 Doping is well known to largely affect the electronic structure and hence the properties associated with it depending on the site which it occupies.…”

Efeito dos íons Fe3+ na estrutura de perovskitas à base de titânio obtidas via método hidrotérmico de micro-ondas

“…A inserção dos íons Fe 3+ também pode causar uma melhora nas propriedades eletrocatalíticas dos titanatos (XIE; SUN; LIN, 2008. Em processos fotocatalíticos utilizando esses materiais é necessário aumentar a absorção de luz visível para a atividade redox (AMAECHI et al (2019). A subsitiução aliovalente dos cátions Ti 4+ por cátions Fe 3+ introduz uma ampla banda de absorção na região do verde do espectro eletromagnético.…”