Babesia of Domestic Dogs

Baneth, Gad

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_10

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The scale-bar represents the evolutionary distance in the units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site. Gray dots designate Babesia species that infect domestic dogs [ 51 ] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of Babesia vulpes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae), a piroplasmid species pathogenic for domestic dogs

et al. 2019

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BackgroundCanine babesiosis is a severe disease caused by several Babesia spp. A number of names have been proposed for the canine-infecting piroplasmid pathogen initially named Theileria annae Zahler, Rinder, Schein & Gothe, 2000. It was shown to be a member of the Babesia (sensu lato) group infecting carnivores and is also closely related to the Babesia microti group. Subsequently, the same parasite species was reclassified as a member of the genus Babesia and the name Babesia vulpes Baneth, Florin-Christensen, Cardoso & Schnittger, 2015 was proposed for it. However, both names do not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (no accompanying descriptions, no deposition of type-specimens) and cannot be recognized as available names from the nomenclatural point of view. The purpose of this study was to further characterize this parasite in order to confirm its validity, to provide its description and to introduce zoological nomenclature for it with the name Babesia vulpes n. sp.ResultsMorphological description of the parasite in canine erythrocytes demonstrated that it takes the shape of small (1.33 × 0.98 µm), round to oval forms reminiscent of the pyriform and ring shapes of other small canine Babesia spp., such as Babesia gibsoni Patton, 1910 and Babesia conradae Kjemtrup, Wainwright, Miller, Penzhorn & Carreno, 2006. However, these parasite forms were overall smaller than those measured for the latter two species and no tetrad (Maltese cross) form was reported. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) amino acid sequences substantiates the species identity of this parasite as previously demonstrated based on phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA and β-tubulin genes. The holotype of the parasite species was designated and deposited in an accessible public collection.ConclusionsThis study ratifies the name Babesia vulpes n. sp. proposed for the parasite previously referred to as Theileria annae Zahler, Rinder, Schein & Gothe, 2000, Babesia annae (Zahler, Rinder, Schein & Gothe, 2000) or Babesia vulpes Baneth, Florin-Christensen, Cardoso & Schnittger, 2015, or mentioned as “Babesia microti-like piroplasm”, “Babesia Spanish dog isolate” and Babesia cf. microti.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3385-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The scale-bar represents the evolutionary distance in the units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site. Gray dots designate Babesia species that infect domestic dogs [ 51 ] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of Babesia vulpes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae), a piroplasmid species pathogenic for domestic dogs

et al. 2019

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“…The pathogen is transmitted by the tick Haemaphysalis elliptica Koch, 1844, and probably Haemaphysalis leachi Audouin, 1826. In Nigeria, B. rossi DNA has also been detected in Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, 1806, which is the most prevalent canine tick species in that country [ 1 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. While Kamani et al [ 31 ] initially considered this tick as a possible vector of B. rossi in Nigeria, this view was altered during further studies which also showed transovarial transmission of B. rossi in H. leachi but not in R. sanguineus [ 30 ].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Babesia Rossimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. canis is transmitted by the tick Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, 1794, which occurs in Europe and Asia, and babesiosis caused by this piroplasm species is endemic in many European countries [ 1 ]. However, the infection is rare in northern and northeastern Europe, with cases mainly imported [ 70 ].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Babesia Canismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The canine large Babesia species cannot be differentiated using light microscopy via blood smear examination, and historically these piroplasms were considered one species, B. canis , which was divided into subspecies such as B. canis canis , B. canis vogeli , and B. canis rossi . Nowadays, these subspecies are considered separate species, and molecular techniques are used both in pathogen recognition and the determination of infection prevalence [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The disease may lead to anemia, coagulopathy, kidney injury, hepatopathy, pancreatitis, cardiac disorders, pulmonary edema, cerebral complications, endocrine disorders, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and septic shock in infected dogs [ 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Infections caused by large Babesia species have been recognized in dogs on all continents, except Antarctica [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Canine Babesiosis Caused by Large Babesia Species: Global Prevalence and Risk Factors—A Review

Zygner

Gójska-Zygner²,

Bartosik

et al. 2023

Animals

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Canine babesiosis is a disease caused by protozoan pathogens belonging to the genus Babesia. Four species of large Babesia cause canine babesiosis (B. canis, B. rossi, B. vogeli, and the informally named B. coco). Although canine babesiosis has a worldwide distribution, different species occur in specific regions: B. rossi in sub-Saharan Africa, B. canis in Europe and Asia, and B. coco in the Eastern Atlantic United States, while B. vogeli occurs in Africa, southern parts of Europe and Asia, northern Australia, southern regions of North America, and in South America. B. vogeli is the most prevalent large Babesia species globally. This results from its wide range of monotropic vector species, the mild or subclinical nature of infections, and likely the longest evolutionary association with dogs. The most important risk factors for infection by large Babesia spp. include living in rural areas, kennels or animal shelters, or regions endemic for the infection, the season of the year (which is associated with increased tick activity), infestation with ticks, and lack of treatment with acaricides.

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The Piroplasmida Babesia, Cytauxzoon, and Theileria in farm and companion animals: species compilation, molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary insights

et al. 2022

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The order Piroplasmida, including the genera Babesia, Cytauxzoon, and Theileria is often referred to as piroplasmids and comprises of dixenous hemoprotozoans transmitted by ticks to a mammalian or avian host. Although piroplasmid infections are usually asymptomatic in wild animals, in domestic animals, they cause serious or life-threatening consequences resulting in fatalities. Piroplasmids are particularly notorious for the enormous economic loss they cause worldwide in livestock production, the restrictions they pose on horse trade, and the negative health impact they have on dogs and cats. Furthermore, an increasing number of reported human babesiosis cases are of growing concern. Considerable international research and epidemiological studies are done to identify existing parasite species, reveal their phylogenetic relationships, and develop improved or new drugs and vaccines to mitigate their impact. In this review, we present a compilation of all piroplasmid species, isolates, and species complexes that infect domestic mammals and which have been well defined by molecular phylogenetic markers. Altogether, 57 taxonomic piroplasmid entities were compiled, comprising of 43 piroplasmid species, 12 well-defined isolates awaiting formal species description, and two species complexes that possibly mask additional species. The extrapolation of the finding of at least 57 piroplasmid species in only six domestic mammalian groups (cattle, sheep, goat, horse, dog, and cat) allows us to predict that a substantially higher number of piroplasmid parasites than vertebrate host species exist. Accordingly, the infection of a vertebrate host species by multiple piroplasmid species from the same and/or different phylogenetic lineages is commonly observed. Molecular phylogeny using 18S rRNA genes of piroplasmids infecting domestic mammals results in the formation of six clades, which emerge due to an anthropocentric research scope, but not due to a possibly assumed biological priority position. Scrutinizing the topology of inferred trees reveals stunning insights into some evolutionary patterns exhibited by this intriguing group of parasites. Contrary to expectations, diversification of parasite species appears to be dominated by host-parasite cospeciation (Fahrenholz's rule), and, except for piroplasmids that segregate into Clade VI, host switching is rarely observed. When only domestic mammalian hosts are taken into account, Babesia sensu lato (s.l.) parasites of Clades I and II infect only dogs and cats, respectively, Cytauxzoon spp. placed into Clade III only infect cats, Theileria placed into Clade IV exclusively infect horses, wheras Theileria sensu stricto (s.s.) of Clade V infects only cattle and small ruminants. In contrast, Babesia s.s. parasites of Clade VI infect all farm and companion animal species. We outline how the unique ability of transovarial transmission of Babesia s.s. piroplasmids of Clade VI facilitates species diversification by host switching to other host vertebrate species. Finally, a deterioration o...

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Babesia of Domestic Dogs

Cited by 9 publications

References 77 publications

Establishment of Babesia vulpes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae), a piroplasmid species pathogenic for domestic dogs

Establishment of Babesia vulpes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae), a piroplasmid species pathogenic for domestic dogs

Canine Babesiosis Caused by Large Babesia Species: Global Prevalence and Risk Factors—A Review

The Piroplasmida Babesia, Cytauxzoon, and Theileria in farm and companion animals: species compilation, molecular phylogeny, and evolutionary insights

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