Bacillus spp. Fermented Plant Protein Mix as a Potential Fishmeal Substitute in the Diet of Penaeus monodon: Emphasis on Nitrogen Metabolism

Abstract

A feeding experiment (60 days) was conducted to evaluate the effect of Bacillus spp. fermented plant protein mix in Penaeus monodon. A control diet (CNT) contains 25% fishmeal, of which 50% was substituted (w/w) with Bacillus spp. fermented plant protein mix at two different concentrations of 0.25 and 0.50% (PP-0.25 and PP-0.50, respectively), while the diet prepared with untreated ingredients served as a negative control (PP-0). The daily growth coefficient (DGC) did not differ in the groups fed CNT, PP-0.25, and PP-0.50 diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was low in the CNT and PP-0.50 diets, while (protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent protein utilization (APU) were high in the PP-0.50-fed group. The dietary change did not affect survival and whole-body composition, while free amino acids varied among the treatments. Increased nitrogen intake and oxygen consumption were observed in subadults fed with CNT diet. Increasing Bacillus spp. concentrations significantly lowered ammonia-N excretion by 2.09-11.69%. Regression analysis revealed higher coefficients for oxygen consumption ( R 2 = 0.8625 ) and O : N ratio ( R 2 = 0.7791 ), while it was 0.5894 for ammonia-N excretion. The dietary change significantly influenced hemolymph indices and chitinase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and arginase activity. Results conclude that Bacillus spp. fermented plant protein mix could be a viable fishmeal substitute in shrimp feed.

Beneficial effects, challenges and opportunities of the filamentous fungus,Aspergillus nigerwith special reference to the shrimp feed industry—A review

“…Similar observations were reported by Gomes et al 69 in certain aquatic species reared with a semi-purified diet containing a higher content of rapeseed meal. Rajaram 49 could not able to include more than 2.5% of rapeseed meal in the diet of P. monodon, which was later confirmed by Jannathulla et al 70 in P. vannamei, which is mainly due to the presence of glucosinolates. Chiang et al 71 and Jannathulla et al 70 reported that the activity of protease increased from 200 U/g (Day 1)…”

“…monodon and P . vannamei , respectively 49,50 . Additionally, palatability issues persisted with tannin that could cause feed intake to drop, which would have an adverse effect on growth.…”

“…Similar observations were reported by Gomes et al 69 in certain aquatic species reared with a semi‐purified diet containing a higher content of rapeseed meal. Rajaram 49 could not able to include more than 2.5% of rapeseed meal in the diet of P . monodon , which was later confirmed by Jannathulla et al 70 in P .…”

“…Groundnut oil cake contains high tannin (Table 4), which could be a reason for limiting the inclusion level of groundnut meal within 2.5% and 5% in the diet of P. monodon and P. vannamei, respectively. 49,50 Additionally, palatability issues persisted with tannin that could cause feed intake to drop, which would have an adverse effect on growth. Though condensed tannin did not alter the nutrient digestibility and growth, this induced intestinal histomorphology lesions in P. vannamei reared with diets containing 0.5-4.0 g/kg tannin that was obtained from grape seed.…”