“…Punta Galeta is approximately 8 km northeast of the city of Colón, near one of the entrances of the Panama Canal (González et al, 2019;Broce et al, 2022). The protected landscape and its management do not address all existing and emerging threats to marine systems (Halpern et al, 2010;Broce et al, 2022). Pollutants from human activities, drained from land and ocean spills of chemical or oil affect the marine ecosystems (Puccinelli et al, 2016;Aguilera et al, 2019), including the quality of water, sediments, and marine organisms (Angelidis and Aloupi, 2000;Zhang et al, 2017;Cebe and Balas, 2018).…”