Bacteria and virus reduction in secondary treatment: Potential for minimizing post disinfectant demand

Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2

“…Further, the MBR is associated with other drawbacks like higher operation cost, energy-intensive process, and appropriate disposal of produced virus-contaminated sludge. These limitations may be overcome with the microalgae-based processes alone or coupled with the membrane technologies to produce a virologically safe treated water [ 21 ].…”

“…The microalgae have recently been utilised for the removal of viruses from the wastewater [ 21 , 113 , 114 ]. Various studies have investigated the cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors, biofilm reactors, MBRs, and oxidation ponds to evaluate their efficiencies for wastewater disinfection.…”

“…Recently, an extremophile Galdieria sulphuraria has been utilised for the development of a microalgae-based wastewater treatment system that demonstrated high removal rates for noroviruses, coliphages, and enteroviruses [ 16 ]. Some recent studies have elucidated various removal mechanisms, namely; adsorption [ 17 ], pH shift [ 18 ], sunlight-mediated inactivation [ 19 ], and predation [ 20 ] for microalgae-mediated virus inactivation [ 21 ].…”

SARS-CoV-2 in environmental perspective: Occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges

“…The removal of Enterovirus and Norovirus in algal-WWTS (A-WWTS) demonstrated feasibility in producing pathogenically-safe effluent with minimal post-disinfectant [240] . The virus community in the chlorinated-WWTS effluent showed ~250 diverse species while only 14 discrete non-pathogenic virus species were found in the non-chlorinated effluent of A-WWTS [240] . The fate of human enteric viruses (i.e.…”

The role of wastewater treatment plants as tools for SARS-CoV-2 early detection and removal

“…Delanka-Pedige et al [ [140] , [141] , [142] ] recently published three articles dealing with the use of algae for removing viruses in wastewater. Results obtained are in the same range as for activated sludge with log removal values in the range of 1–3 depending on the virus type.…”