Bacteria‐Derived Nanoparticles: Multifunctional Containers for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

In recent decades, investigations on bacteria-derived materials have progressed from being a proof of concept to a means for improving traditional biomaterials. Owing to their unique characteristics, such as gene manipulation, rapid proliferation, and specific targeting, bacteria-derived materials have provided remarkable flexibility in applied biomedical functionalization. In this review, bacteria-derived nanoparticles are focused on as a promising biomaterial, introducing several bacterial species with great potential and useful strategies for fabrication. Through well-designed choices, bacteria-derived nanoparticles can be exploited to obtain functional bacteria-mimicking materials for a variety of applications, including cargo delivery, imaging, therapy, and immune modulation. Finally, the prospects and challenges of bacteria-derived nanoparticles are discussed. Particularly, safety concerns regarding the use of bacteria and their immunogenicity remain major obstacles to the clinical application of bacteria-derived nanoparticles and these concerns are immediate priorities for the research community.

Cell-derived vesicles for delivery of cancer immunotherapy

“…To date, tumor targeted microorganisms have become cancer specific drug delivery vehicles or therapeutic agents, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, anaerobic bacteria, and oncolytic viruses [128]. Due to the hypoxia, immunosuppression and unique biochemical microenvironment in solid tumors, these bacteria can be selectively colonized in tumor tissues [129][130][131].…”

Bacterium-Sculpted Porphyrin–Protein–Iron Sulfide Clusters for Distinction and Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus

“…Multifunctional magnetosomes can be produced by bacteria-involved engineering. 8 Bacteriaderived materials have different characteristics from traditional biomaterials. 9 Due to the appearance of drug-resistant bacteria and the pollution of overused bactericides to the environ-ment, 10 investigation on materials for the recognition and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria has attracted great attention.…”

“…Bacteria have low metabolic activity and are less sensitive to antibacterial compounds. Multifunctional magnetosomes can be produced by bacteria-involved engineering . Bacteria-derived materials have different characteristics from traditional biomaterials .…”

Hybrid Vesicles Based on Autologous Tumor Cell Membrane and Bacterial Outer Membrane To Enhance Innate Immune Response and Personalized Tumor Immunotherapy

“…Bacteria containing various microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) have been recognized as the most common immunostimulatory agents. − However, the potential side effects of bacteria (bacterial toxin, septicemia, etc.) restrict further biomedical applications. , Outer membrane vesicles (OMV), spherical nanometer-sized proteolipids, are secreted into the environments by Gram-negative bacteria. − The OMV not only can be used to deliver tumor antigens to enhance the immunogenicity of low-immunogenic antigens in the absence of adjuvants, but also possess the ability to potentiate antitumor innate immune response for immunotherapy . Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infectious disease, which can stimulate adaptive immune response and mount functions of innate immune cells in return .…”

“…restrict further biomedical applications. 20,21 Outer membrane vesicles (OMV), spherical nanometer-sized proteolipids, are secreted into the environments by Gram-negative bacteria. 22−24 The OMV not only can be used to deliver tumor antigens to enhance the immunogenicity of low-immunogenic antigens in the absence of adjuvants, 25 but also possess the ability to potentiate antitumor innate immune response for immunotherapy.…”