Bacteria‐Targeted Combined with Photothermal/NO Nanoparticles for the Treatment and Diagnosis of MRSA Infection In Vivo

Abstract

Currently, undeveloped diagnosis and delayed treatment of bacteria‐infected sites in vivo not only expand the risk of tissue infection but are also a major clinical cause of multiple drug‐resistant bacterial infections. Herein, an efficient nanoplatform for near‐infrared (NIR)‐light‐controlled release and bacteria‐targeted delivery of nitric oxide (NO) combined with photothermal therapy (PTT) is presented. Using maltotriose‐decorated mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA‐Mal) and BNN6, a smart antibacterial (B@MPDA‐Mal) is developed to combine bacterial targeting, gas‐controlled release, and PTT. Utilizing bacteria's unique maltodextrin transport system, B@MPDA‐Mal can accurately distinguish bacterial infection from sterile inflammation and target the bacteria‐infected sites for efficient drug enrichment. Moreover, NIR‐light causes MPDA to generate heat, which not only effectively induces BNN6 to produce NO, but also raises the temperature to harm the bacteria further. NO/photothermal combination therapy effectively eliminates biofilm and drug‐resistant bacteria. The myositis model of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is established and indicates that B@MPDA‐Mal can successfully eradicate inflammation and abscesses in mice. Meanwhile, magnetic resonance imaging technology is used to monitor the treatment procedure and healing outcomes. Given the aforementioned advantages, the smart antibacterial nanoplatform B@MPDA‐Mal can be used as a potential therapeutic tool in the biomedical field against drug‐resistant bacterial infections.

Photothermal synergistic nitric oxide controlled release injectable self-healing adhesive hydrogel for biofilm eradication and wound healing

“…7 Moreover, bacteria in the wound beds tend to aggregate as multicellular communities and are embedded in self-synthesized extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), constituting a dense structure known as biofilms. 8 The EPS matrix in biofilm serves as a firm physical barrier that restricts the penetration of antimicrobial agents, 9 thus making the bacteria drug-resistant and increasing the difficulty of complete wound regeneration. 9 The existence of biofilms severely hinders the conventional approach to the clinical treatment of infections.…”

“…8 The EPS matrix in biofilm serves as a firm physical barrier that restricts the penetration of antimicrobial agents, 9 thus making the bacteria drug-resistant and increasing the difficulty of complete wound regeneration. 9 The existence of biofilms severely hinders the conventional approach to the clinical treatment of infections. Therefore, it is imperative to develop alternative methods and antibiotic-free wound dressings to combat microorganism infections, especially to eradicate the formed bacteria biofilms.…”

Copper–Boron Dipyrromethene Nanoagent for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Wound Healing

“…Thus, the development of safe, efficient, and non-antibiotic therapeutic strategies is urgently desired. 5,6 Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has aroused considerable attention owing to its merits of low side effects and insignificant drug resistance, which has evolved as a promising antibiotic-free therapeutic technology. 7−12 During APDT, photosensitizers (PSs) can kill bacteria by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) 13−16 under light irradiation.…”

“…Although antibiotics are extensively utilized in sterilization, the bacterial resistance caused by the use of antibiotics brings about more serious challenges to cure infectious diseases. − Moreover, the massive use of antibiotics not only provokes severe side effects but also engenders large-scale environmental pollution. Thus, the development of safe, efficient, and non-antibiotic therapeutic strategies is urgently desired. , …”

Near-Infrared Light-Triggered NO/Photodynamic Synergistic Therapy with Antibacterial and Biofilm-Eliminated Effects for Difficult-to-Treat Rhinosinusitis

“…They can serve as hydrophobic drug carriers, enhance drug delivery efficiency, improve permeability, and increase drug concentration in micro-organisms. 16−18 Over the past decade, gas therapy using gases like nitric oxide (NO), 19 hydrogen (H 2 ), 20 and carbon monoxide (CO) 21 has emerged as a novel and promising treatment for inflammatory diseases. Among these gases, NO therapy has been extensively studied in various diseases.…”