Bacterial cell walls and membranes. Discovery of the teichoic acids

Baddiley, J.

doi:10.1002/bies.950100607

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A variety of molecules have been reported to invoke an immune response, e.g., lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, wall teichoic acids, and lipoteichoic acid (ltA) (Bubeck Wardenburg et al, 2006;Morath et al, 2005;Draing et al, 2008;Mirelman et al, 1971;Nakata et al, 2006). Peptidoglycan (PGN) is the major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria spiked with lipoteichoic acid (ltA) on its external surface (Baddiley, 1989) and lipoproteins incorporated in the peptidoglycan-layer . ltA and lipoproteins are recognized via toll-like receptors (tlR) 2/6 or tlR2/tlR1 (Jin et al, 2007).…”

Section: Gram-positive Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens by the whole blood monocyte activation test

Hasiwa

Daneshian

Bruegger

et al. 2013

ALTEX

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Section: Gram-positive Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens by the whole blood monocyte activation test

Hasiwa

Daneshian

Bruegger

et al. 2013

ALTEX

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“…70 Unlike in Gram-negative bacteria which bear LPS on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, the external surface of the peptidoglycan layer is decorated with lipoteichoic acids (LTA; Fig. 3), 71 which are anchored in the peptidoglycan substratum via a diacylglycerol moiety and bear a surface-exposed, polyanionic, 1-3-linked polyglycerophosphate appendage which varies in its subunit composition in LTAs from various Gram-positive bacteria; in S. aureus, the repeating subunit contains D-alanine and α-D-Nacetylglucosamine. 72 Lipoproteins are found in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and are also common constituents of the cell wall of both Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria.…”

Section: Tlr4 Agonists-lipopolysaccharide Monophosphoryl Lipid a Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential adjuvantic properties of innate immune stimuli

et al. 2009

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Just as the prescient comment by Gaston Ramon was relegated to the last footnote of his 1926 paper, 1 so has research on the mechanisms of action of adjuvants, until recently, languished as parenthetical annotations and addenda in the archives of immunology and vaccine development. Ramon defined immunological adjuvants as "substances used in combination with a specific antigen that produced a more robust immune response than the antigen alone." Interestingly enough, he was referring to his empirical findings that the addition of bread crumbs, tapioca, saponin and 'starch oil' to antigenic preparations greatly enhanced antibody responses to diphtheria or tetanus. 2 A year later, the adjuvanticity of aluminum salts (primarily phosphate and hydroxide) was discovered by Glenny and coworkers. 3 In the 83 years that have elapsed, the repertoire of investigational adjuvants has grown to encompass a very wide range of materials, 4 but aluminum salt-based mineral salts (generically, and incorrectly, termed "alum") have remained the only adjuvants currently approved by the FDA. Aluminum salts have enjoyed a good safety record, but they are weak adjuvants for antibody induction and induce a T helper-2 (T H 2)-skewed, rather than a T helper-1 (T H 1) response. 5,6 Furthermore, not only are aluminum salts ineffective at inducing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) or mucosal IgA antibody responses, but also have a propensity to induce IgE responses, which have been associated with allergic reactions in some subjects. 5,6 Very recent reports implicate the Nalp3 inflammasome, a component of the innate immune response, as the effector limb of alum-associated adjuvanticity. [7][8][9] In 1962, Dresser observed that injection of purified soluble proteins not only failed to stimulate an immune response, but tolerized animals unless a bacterial extract was admixed with the protein immunogen. 10 This led him to redefine adjuvanticity as "a property of a substance which can act as a physiological switch, directing at least some immunologically competent cells to respond by making antibody rather than by becoming immunologically paralyzed by the antigen," 11 confirming Johnson's earlier observations that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria exerted potent adjuvant properties, 12 and perhaps paved the way for the subsequent discovery of the wide range of microorganism-derived adjuvants. 13 TLRs are pattern recognition receptors present on diverse cell types that recognize specific molecular patterns present in molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). 14,15 There are 10 TLRs in the human genome;

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“…Macromolecular assemblies of cross-linked peptidoglycan (murein), polyanionic teichoic acids (TAs), and surface proteins function within this envelope. TAs are composed of wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) (24,30,33,36,158,160,291,489,499). WTA is covalently linked to the peptidoglycan, whereas LTA is a macroamphiphile with its glycolipid anchored in the membrane and its poly(glycerophosphate) (Gro-P) chain extending into the wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Neuhaus

Baddiley

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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SUMMARY Teichoic acids (TAs) are major wall and membrane components of most gram-positive bacteria. With few exceptions, they are polymers of glycerol-phosphate or ribitol-phosphate to which are attached glycosyl and d-alanyl ester residues. Wall TA is attached to peptidoglycan via a linkage unit, whereas lipoteichoic acid is attached to glycolipid intercalated in the membrane. Together with peptidoglycan, these polymers make up a polyanionic matrix that functions in (i) cation homeostasis; (ii) trafficking of ions, nutrients, proteins, and antibiotics; (iii) regulation of autolysins; and (iv) presentation of envelope proteins. The esterification of TAs with d-alanyl esters provides a means of modulating the net anionic charge, determining the cationic binding capacity, and displaying cations in the wall. This review addresses the structures and functions of d-alanyl-TAs, the d-alanylation system encoded by the dlt operon, and the roles of TAs in cell growth. The importance of dlt in the physiology of many organisms is illustrated by the variety of mutant phenotypes. In addition, advances in our understanding of d-alanyl ester function in virulence and host-mediated responses have been made possible through targeted mutagenesis of dlt. Studies of the mechanism of d-alanylation have identified two potential targets of antibacterial action and provided possible screening reactions for designing novel agents targeted to d-alanyl-TA synthesis.

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Bacterial cell walls and membranes. Discovery of the teichoic acids

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Evidence for the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens by the whole blood monocyte activation test

Evidence for the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens by the whole blood monocyte activation test

Potential adjuvantic properties of innate immune stimuli

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

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