Bacterial co-infections in a captive &lt;i&gt;Python bivittatus&lt;/i&gt; with septicemia

Abba, Yusuf; Ilyasu, Yusuf; Yusoff, Msm; Noordin, M. M.

doi:10.4314/sokjvs.v14i2.10

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Bacteria which have been isolated from cases of sepsis in snakes include Salmonella enterica, Enterobacter cloacae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas and Proteus (Esterabadi et al 1973, Soveri 1984, Coutinho et al 2001, Abba et al 2016. In lizards, bacteria include Streptococcal spp.…”

Section: Sepsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Hedley

Whitehead

Munns³

et al. 2021

J of Small Animal Practice

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This review discusses the general principles underlying responsible antibiotic usage in reptiles.Very little evidence underlies antibiotic usage in reptiles, and there are no published guidelines for responsible antibiotic usage. A literature search was performed to review the evidence for bacterial involvement in the pathology of selected common diseases of reptiles, allowing the development of recommendations for responsible antibiotic treatment of those diseases.

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Section: Sepsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Hedley

Whitehead

Munns³

et al. 2021

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…Some patients may develop cellulitis, tissue necrosis, or necrotizing fasciitis complicated by bacterial infection [ 23 – 26 ]. Whether the snakes are venomous or not, bacterial infections after snake envenomation are a significant global public health issue in neglected tropical diseases [ 27 – 29 ]. Six venomous snake species are common in Taiwan, including Naja atra, P. mucrosquamatus , Deinagkistrodon acutus, Trimeresurus stejnegeri, Bungarus multicinctus , and Daboia siamensis , posing a clinical management challenge [ 24 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial community analysis identifies Klebsiella pneumoniae as a native symbiotic bacterium in the newborn Protobothrops mucrosquamatus

Hussain

Hsu

et al. 2023

BMC Microbiol

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Background The study of the native microbiome of organisms is crucial. The connection between the native microbiome and the host affects the formation of the innate immune system and the organism’s growth. However, the native microbiome of newborn venomous snakes has not been reported. Therefore, we aimed to determine the oral and skin microbiomes of newborn Protobothrops mucrosquamatus. Results We performed 16 S full-length sequencing on 14 samples collected from 7 newborn P. mucrosquamatus individuals, specifically targeting their oral and skin microbiomes. In terms of the oral and skin microbiome, the main species were Klebsiella pneumoniae lineages. According to subspecies/species analysis, the proportion from highest to lowest was K. quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. These three bacteria accounted for 62.5% and 85% of the skin and oral activity, respectively. The oral microbiome of newborn P. mucrosquamatus did not comprise common bacteria found in snakebite wounds or oral cultures in adult snakes. Therefore, the source of other microbiomes in the oral cavities of adult snakes may be the environment or prey. Functional Annotation of the Prokaryotic Taxa analysis showed that the skin/oral native microbiome metabolism was related to fermentation and human infection owing to the dominance of K. pneumoniae lineages. The characteristics of K. pneumoniae may impact the development of venom in venomous snakes. Conclusion The results of the native microbiome in the oral cavity and skin of newborn P. mucrosquamatus demonstrated that the habitat environment and prey capture may affect the composition of bacteria in adult snakes. We hypothesized that the native microbiome influences newborn venomous snakes and that K. pneumoniae lineages related to citrate fermentation may play a role in venom growth. However, further verification of this is required.

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“…Since the numbers of snakes are increasing day by day among the herpetoculture, the possible pathogens should be known (Ebani and Fratini, 2005;Mitchell, 2011;Bastos, 2012). Salmonella is one of the most well-known Gramnegative bacteria found in reptiles (Rabinowitz et al, 2007;Mitchell, 2011;Abba et al, 2016). The awareness should be rised to minimize such infections are possible to be transmited to humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Findings and Bacterial Identification in Eight Pythons with Respiratory Disorders in Bali

et al. 2022

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The study was aimed to identify bacteria associated with upper respiratory disorders in pythons. Epiglottis-tracheal swabs were collected aseptically from eight pythons (Malayopython reticulatus, Python bivittatus, and Python regius) with respiratory disorders. Common clinical signs were presented with frothy nasal discharge, nasal discharge, wheezing, mild coughing, crackle sound and star-gazing. Samples were cultured and sub-cultured on Blood Agar (BA) and MacConkey Agar (MCA). Colonies were identified by performing Gram staining, standard biochemical and phenotypic tests procedures. One colony was identified using API 20NE kit. Of all seven different colonies that were previously isolated, Neisseria sp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., and Burkholderia cepacia were identified. We suggest that bacterial infections among captive pythons could be closely related to the immune system because of the commensal flora becoming pathogenic.

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Bacterial co-infections in a captive <i>Python bivittatus</i> with septicemia

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Bacterial community analysis identifies Klebsiella pneumoniae as a native symbiotic bacterium in the newborn Protobothrops mucrosquamatus

Clinical Findings and Bacterial Identification in Eight Pythons with Respiratory Disorders in Bali

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