Bacterial Contamination and Dilution of Milk in Infant Feeding Bottles

Surjono, Dani; Ismadi, Siti Dawiesah; Suwardji,; Rohde, Jon E.

doi:10.1093/tropej/26.2.58

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In the search for papers for this review, we identified only one paper related to feed reconstitution in a developing country context, indicating that the lack of evidence base is just as profound as in the western world. 41 A full and proper assessment of the various risks associated with the use of breast milk substitutes is needed to inform this debate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formula feed preparation: helping reduce the risks; a systematic review

Renfrew

Ansell²,

MacLeod³

2003

Archives of Disease in Childhood

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims:To assess what is known about the risks associated with errors in reconstituting the present generation of infant formula feeds, and to examine which methods are likely to be safest. Methods: Systematic review, and examination of the range of infant formula products currently on sale in the UK. Studies from developed countries conducted after 1977 were included. All studies investigating the reconstitution of formula feeds for full term, healthy babies were eligible. Parameters studied were: measures of accuracy of feed reconstitution including fat, protein, total solids, energy content, and osmolality of feed; weight of powder in scoop; and reported method of preparing feed and measuring powder. Formula products were collected from one large UK supermarket in 2002. Number of different types of infant formula preparations available for sale were determined, together with scoop sizes for powdered preparations. Results: Only five studies were identified, none of adequate quality or size. All found errors in reconstitution, with a tendency to over-concentrate feeds; under-concentration also occurred. Thirty one different formula preparations were available for sale in one UK supermarket, with a range of scoop sizes. Some preparations had never been tested. Conclusions: There is a paucity of evidence available to inform the proper use of breast milk substitutes, and a large array of different preparations for sale. Given the impact incorrect reconstitution of formula feeds can have on the health of large numbers of babies, there is an important and urgent need to examine ways of minimising the risks of feed preparation. B reast feeding is the safest way to feed babies. For the majority of babies in all countries it is a perfect source of nutrition 1 and is available, ready-to-feed, via a clean delivery system. Breast feeding protects against infection, [2][3][4] and has benefits for health in childhood and beyond. [5][6][7] National and international agencies recognise the superiority of breast feeding and support it unequivocally.1 8 However, many babies in many countries are not breast fed.In the UK, in spite of initiatives to encourage more women to breast feed their babies, and to do so for longer, 9-11 over the past 20 years there has been no real change in the proportion of babies who are breast fed at birth. 12 In 2000, by 4-10 weeks of age (the first stage of the most recent national survey), 75% of babies were either exclusively fed on formula milks, or were receiving a combination of breast and formula feeds.12 These figures, which reflect infant feeding patterns in many westernised populations, highlight the fact that most babies in the UK are fed, wholly or in part, on breast milk substitutes. It is, therefore, important that while attempting to increase the prevalence and duration of breast feeding, 9 13-15 attempts should also be made to minimise the risks associated with artificial feeding.The most common breast milk substitutes are formula feeds manufactured as dried powders, reconstituted by ad...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formula feed preparation: helping reduce the risks; a systematic review

Renfrew

Ansell²,

MacLeod³

2003

Archives of Disease in Childhood

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In Indonesia, milk sampled from feeding bottles in several maternal and child health clinics was highly contaminated by faecal organisms (Surjono et al, 1980). In Uganda, 70% of the supposedly clean bottles and teats had bacterial counts in excess of 500 organisms/ml of wash fluid (Phillips, 1969).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding pattern in an urban Nigerian community

Oni

1987

J. Biosoc. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryThe paper examines the pattern of breast-feeding among women still in their prime childbearing ages (15–35 years) in Ilorin, the capital city of Kwara state in Nigeria. While breast-feeding is still a common practice among urban women, there is wide variation in the duration of breast-feeding depending on the socioeconomic characteristics of the mothers. Mother's education and father's education have very strong negative associations with duration of breast-feeding. Use of contraception also has a significant independent but negative effect on breast-feeding duration. Christians continue breast-feeding for shorter periods than Muslims. The introduction of supplementary feeding to the infant occurs in this population much earlier than is recommended by various authorities. The dangers inherent in this pattern of infant feeding are discussed.

show abstract

“…(4, 10–12) In these settings, nasogastric tubes may not be available and bottles have crevices that promote infection. (13, 14) Cups are easier to keep clean and are less likely than bottles to be used for long-term storage of milk which can facilitate bacterial contamination. Cup feeding may supplement breastfeeding, minimize exposure to nasogastric tubes, or serve as a long-term feeding solution for those never able to breastfeed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Neonates by Cup: A Systematic Review of the Literature

McKinney

Glass

Coffey

et al. 2016

Matern Child Health J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective WHO and UNICEF recommend cup feeding for neonates unable to breastfeed in low-resource settings. In developed countries, cup feeding in lieu of bottle feeding in the neonatal period is hypothesized to improve breastfeeding outcomes for those initially unable to breastfeed. Our aim was to synthesize the entire body of evidence on cup feeding. Methods We searched domestic and international databases for original research. Our search criteria required original data on cup feeding in neonates published in English between January 1990 and December 2014. Results We identified 28 original research papers. Ten were randomized clinical trials, 7 non-randomized intervention studies, and 11 observational studies; 11 were conducted in developing country. Outcomes evaluated included physiologic stability, safety, intake, duration, spillage, weight gain, any and exclusive breastfeeding, length of hospital stay, compliance, and acceptability. Cup feeding appears to be safe though intake may be less and spillage greater relative to bottle or tube feeding. Overall, slightly higher proportions of cup fed versus bottle fed infants report any breastfeeding; a greater proportion of cup fed infants reported exclusive breastfeeding at discharge and beyond. Cup feeding increases breastfeeding in subgroups (e.g. those who intend to breastfeed or women who had a Caesarean section). Compliance and acceptability is problematic in certain settings. Conclusions Further research on long-term breastfeeding outcomes and in low-resource settings would be helpful. Research data on high risk infants (e.g. those with cleft palates) would be informative. Innovative cup feeding approaches to minimize spillage, optimize compliance, and increase breastfeeding feeding are needed.

show abstract

Bacterial Contamination and Dilution of Milk in Infant Feeding Bottles

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Formula feed preparation: helping reduce the risks; a systematic review

Formula feed preparation: helping reduce the risks; a systematic review

Breast-feeding pattern in an urban Nigerian community

Feeding Neonates by Cup: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About