Bacterial diseases in marine bivalves

Travers, Marie‐Agnès; Miller, Katherine Boettcher; Roque, Ana; Friedman, Carolyn S.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.010

Cited by 146 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 233 publications

(337 reference statements)

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“…Parasites and pathogens have induced the collapse of numerous populations of exploited bivalves [50; 51]). A population of parasites can grow from several individuals to thousands of individuals within several months in an aquaculture setting, where predators are absent [52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, Survival and Reproduction of the Giant Clam Tridacna maxima (Röding 1798, Bivalvia) in Two Contrasting Lagoons in French Polynesia

Wynsberge¹,

Andréfouët²,

Gaertner‐Mazouni³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Shell growth, reproduction, and natural mortality of the giant clam Tridacna maxima were characterized over a two-year-period in the lagoon of the high island of Tubuai (Austral Archipelago) and in the semi-closed lagoon of Tatakoto (Tuamotu Archipelago) in French Polynesia. We also recorded temperature, water level, tidal slope, tidal range, and mean wave height in both lagoons. Lower lagoon aperture and exposure to oceanic swells at Tatakoto than at Tubuai was responsible for lower lagoon water renewal, as well as higher variability in temperature and water level at Tatakoto across the studied period. These different environmental conditions had an impact on giant clams. Firstly, spawning events in the lagoon of Tatakoto, detected by gonad maturity indices in June and July 2014, were timed with high oceanic water inflow and a decrease in lagoon water temperature. Secondly, temperature explained differences in shell growth rates between seasons and lagoons, generating different growth curves for the two sites. Thirdly, local mortality rates were also found to likely be related to water renewal patterns. In conclusion, our study suggests that reef aperture and lagoon water renewal rates play an integral role in giant clam life history, with significant differences in rates of shell growth, mortality and fertility found between open versus semi-closed atoll lagoons in coral reef ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, Survival and Reproduction of the Giant Clam Tridacna maxima (Röding 1798, Bivalvia) in Two Contrasting Lagoons in French Polynesia

Wynsberge¹,

Andréfouët²,

Gaertner‐Mazouni³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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“…Third, since 2012, the number of reported cases of adult mortalities associated with the presence of V. aestuarianus has increased considerably [79]. Interestingly, during the 2008-2012 period, this bacterial species had been rarely isolated from moribund oysters, suggesting the possible (re)emergence of V. aestuarianus as an oyster pathogen.…”

Section: Box 1 Mortality Outbreaks In Crassostrea Gigasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been demonstrated that the virus is neither essential nor sufficient to cause juvenile deaths, whereas bacteria are necessary for the disease process [7]. This emphasizes the need to investigate the role of bacteria, particularly vibrios, in this disease.Third, since 2012, the number of reported cases of adult mortalities associated with the presence of V. aestuarianus has increased considerably [79]. Interestingly, during the 2008-2012 period, this bacterial species had been rarely isolated from moribund oysters, suggesting the possible (re)emergence of V. aestuarianus as an oyster pathogen.…”

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confidence: 99%

Oysters and Vibrios as a Model for Disease Dynamics in Wild Animals

Roux

Wegner

Polz

2016

Trends in Microbiology

121

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Disease dynamics in the wild are influenced by a number of ecological and evolutionary factors not addressed by traditional laboratory-based characterization of pathogens. Here we propose the oyster, Crassostrea gigas, as a model for studying the interaction of the environment, bacterial pathogens, and the host in disease dynamics. We show that an important first step is to ask whether the functional unit of pathogenesis is a bacterial clone, a population, or a consortium in order to assess triggers of disease outbreaks and devise appropriate monitoring tools. Moreover, the development of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) oysters has enabled assessment of the infection process under natural conditions. Finally, recent results show the importance of microbial interactions and host genetics in determining oyster health and disease. Involvement of Vibrios in Oyster DiseaseVibrios are ubiquitous marine bacteria that are ecologically and metabolically diverse members of planktonic and animal-associated microbial communities [1,2]. They have been called 'opportuni-trophs ' [3] due to their high metabolic versatility and genetic variability coupled with chemotaxis and quorum sensing (see Glossary), all of which allow high colonization potential [4,5]. Vibrios encompass the ancient and well-studied human pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, as well as some less thoroughly characterized opportunistic pathogens capable of infecting humans, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus [2]. Even less well understood are the consequences of Vibrio infections in other animals, including fish, coral, shrimp, and mollusks; however, infections in these organisms can have important environmental and economic consequences [6]. In particular, vibrios have been suggested to be responsible for repeated mortality outbreaks in oyster beds (Crassostrea gigas) in France that have resulted in losses of up to 80-100% of production (Box 1). However the onset and progression of disease in the wild has been difficult to follow in the past. Hence, it is often not clear whether vibrios isolated from diseased oysters are the causative agent, secondary opportunistic colonizers, or commensals [7].Vibrios appear to employ a diversity of molecular mechanisms to infect oysters, albeit our knowledge is based mainly on very few model strains. For example, infection with Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32 [8] involves an intracellular phase in hemocytes, which are the oyster's immune-competent cells, and resistance to (i) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), (ii) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (iii) copper [9][10][11][12]. Vibrio aestuarianus, by [ 1 5 _ T D $ D I F F ] contrast, interacts with hemocytes extracellularly and inhibits their phagocytotic abilities [13,14]. A common theme, however, is that metalloproteases have been linked to toxicity in V. tasmaniensis, V. aestuarianus, Vibrio corallilyticus, and Vibrio tubiashi [13,15,16]. Nonetheless, the disruption of TrendsKnowledge of the genetic structure of the Vibrio population provides a framework for mapping d...

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“…RLOs were first detected in marine bivalves in the 1970s (Harshbarger, Chang, & Otto, ). They are typically transmitted directly between hosts via water‐borne transmission and may be found free within host cell cytoplasm or within intercytoplasmic vacuoles (Friedman & Crosson, ; Travers Boettcher Miller, Roque, & Friedman, ). Although RLO infections in teleost fish have been extensively studied (Rozas & Enríquez, ; Stride, Polkinghorne, & Nowak, ), those affecting molluscs, other than the RLO causing withering syndrome in abalone, have not (Tavers et al., ).…”

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confidence: 99%