Bacterial Infections and Osteoclastogenesis Regulators in Men and Women with Cholesteatoma

Abstract

One of the most distinct features of middle ear cholesteatoma is bone destruction. Aetiology of cholesteatoma is thought to be multifactorial. Endotoxins produced by bacteria are thought to initiate the inflammation process in the middle ear leading to cholesteatoma. There are physiological differences in bone metabolism between men and women. The aim of our study was the immunohistochemical evaluation of the contents of two key components of the OPG/RANK/RANKL triad-RANKL and OPG in cholesteatoma, to analyse if there are any differences between the sexes and to evaluate the bacteria species isolated from cholesteatoma just before surgical treatment and to evaluate their plausible influence on the expression of OPG and RANKL in cholesteatoma. Twenty-one adult patients with acquired cholesteatoma who underwent surgery were analysed. There were no statistically significant differences in the expression of both regulators of osteoclastogenesis between the sexes. In 38.1 % patients cholesteatoma was not infected, whereas in 61.9 % patients various bacterial infections or mycosis were found. The most frequently isolated species was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.29 % infections) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (9.52 % infections). There were no statistically significant differences in expression of both OPG and RANKL between uninfected and infected cholesteatomas.

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Human Gyrovirus-Apoptin Interferes with the Cell Cycle and Induces G2/M Arrest Prior to Apoptosis

“…Like in some other diseases (Likus et al 2016a), it is however sometimes difficult to clearly associate the given pathogen with cancer etiology. Many viruses preferentially or exclusively replicate in dividing cells; hence, their components are potentially becoming an important source/inspiration in the search of drugs that preferentially target cancer stem cells (AkbariBirgani et al 2016;Farahani et al 2014;Wasik et al 2014).…”

SEM BSE 3D Image Analysis of Human Incus Bone Affected by Cholesteatoma Ascribes to Osteoclasts the Bone Erosion and VpSEM dEDX Analysis Reveals New Bone Formation

“…IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been investigated as inflammatory mediators of cholesteatoma progression. They are assumed to enhance bone resorption by activating osteoclasts [30][31][32], and inflammation has been confirmed to be essential for cholesteatoma formation, growth, and expansion, 5 Scanning including the bone resorption process [22,33,34]. Inflammatory cells were observed in our samples; in Figure 10, a rare coexistence of a macrophage (blue), a lymphocyte (red), and an osteoclast is presented [35][36][37].…”

“…Moreover, our observation and processing image workflow are the first in the literature showing the presence not only of bone erosion but also of matrix vesicles releasing their content on collagen bundles and selfimmuring osteocytes, all markers of new bone formation on incus bone surface. On the basis of recent literature [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], it has been hypothesized that inflammatory environment induced by CHO may trigger the osteoclast activity, eliciting bone erosion; we can provide a morphological evidence of this hypothesis in Figure 9; in fact, a T-lymphocyte, a macrophage, and an osteoclast were photographed one near the other; the photograph gives the impression of witnessing the paracrine molecular dialogue between these cells [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The observed new bone formation probably takes place at a slower rate in respect to the normal bone turnover, and the process is uncoupled (as recently demonstrated for several inflammatory diseases that promote bone loss) thus resulting in an overall bone loss.…”