Bacterial Ingestion by the Rumen Ciliates <i>Entodinium</i> and <i>Diplodinium</i>

Gutierrez, J.; Davis, Robert E.

doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1959.tb04361.x

Cited by 46 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The predatory ciliate action on bacteria (Coleman, 1975), which favours the metabolic activity of bacteria (Kurihara et al, 1968 ;Thomas, 1973 ;Senaud, 1978, 1979 ; Demeyer and Van Nevel, 1979), could be lower with I than with E ciliates (Gutierrez, 1958 ;Gutierrez and Davis, 1959). In the presence of P or E, the depressive action of I on digestion disappears.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

Jouany¹,

Zainab²,

Sénaud³

et al. 1981

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Summary. Six rumen-fistulated and defaunated wethers were fed twice daily a pelleted diet of barley and dehydrated lucern at a rate of 50 g dry matter/kg body weight °-!5. Two months later, the sheep were divided into three equal groups. Each group was then inoculated in the rumen with one of the following three genera of protozoa : Polyplastron multivesiculatum (P), Entodinium sp. (E), or lsotricha prostoma (I). After two months, each group was subdivided and inoculated with an additional genus to obtain two sheep for each P + E, P + I and E + I combination. After an additional two months, two sheep were inoculated with a mixture of several genera to restore them to a conventional state. At the end of each of the four two-month periods, the total digestibility of organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), nitrogen (N) and fermentation in the rumen were measured.The P + E genera combination could not be obtained because E disappeared when the sheep were inoculated with the P species. However, these two genera can coexist in a rumen containing at least four different genera of protozoa.OM and ADF digestibilities were improved mainly by inoculating the P genus and, to a lesser extent, the E genus, but the effect of I was negative. N digestibility tended to be higher after ciliate inoculation, compared to the defaunated state. Furthermore, the pH in inoculated sheep was generally lower, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia levels were higher.The composition of the VFA mixture was strongly influenced by inoculation with the E genus : the propionic acid proportion increased at the expense of the acetic and butyric acid proportions. This result was confirmed by the lower CH 4/ C0 2 ratio observed in the rumen gas composition in sheep inoculated with the E genus. With P alone or with other ciliates, the butyric acid proportion increased. The rumen lactic acid concentration increased after inoculation with the I genus. In the conventional animals, fermentation patterns were similar to those observed in the P-inoculated animals but the differences increased and became significant.Of the three ciliates studied, the P genus had the greatest effect on the digestive parameters which were similar to those found in conventional sheep. This effect could be explained by the ability of the P genus to hydrolyse and ferment most carbohydrates and by its predatory action on bacteria and protozoa.Introduction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

Jouany¹,

Zainab²,

Sénaud³

et al. 1981

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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“…When the fresh rumen fluid was replaced by autoclaved rumen fluid bacteria were still present, and it is likely that these were chloramphenicol resistant. I n view of the finding of Gutierrez & Davis (1959) that Entodinia spp. ingest Streptococcus bovis and possibly require that bacterium for growth, it is possible that the chloramphenicol in the present experiments suppressed bacteria harmful to the protozoa while allowing favourable bacteria to survive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cultivation of Sheep Rumen Oligotrich Protozoa in vitro

Coleman

1960

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY : Oligotrich protozoa from the sheep rumen, principally Entodinium caudatum, were maintained in culture in vitro and dividing every 2 days at a density of 15,000-30,000 protozoa/ml. for 18 months on a medium of rice starch, dried grass, 10 % (v/v) rumen fluid (fresh or autoclaved) and 50 pg. chloramphenicollml. The effect on these organisms of varying each of these factors in turn and the use of different growth conditions is described. The protozoa have also been grown from an inoculum of 100-900/ml. to a density of over 50,00O/ml. in 10 days.Many unsuccessful attempts to cultivate rumen protozoa in vitro have been made in the last hundred years; the earlier attempts were summarized by Becker, Schultz & Emmerson (1929). Margolin (1930) and Westphal (1934) achieved some success in the cultivation of oligotrich protozoa, but the first real advance was made by Hungate (1942,1943) who maintained some species of cattle oligotrich ciliates alive for over a year. Sugden (1953) was unable to maintain oligotrich protozoa from the sheep alive for more than 15 days, whereas Kandatsu & Takahashi (1955a, b, 1956) kept Entodinia spp. from goats alive for over 30 days with some multiplication. The purpose of the present paper is to describe experiments in which Entodinia spp., principally Entodiniurn caudatum from sheep rumen, have been maintained with frequent division for over 18 months; a preliminary communication has already appeared (Coleman, 1958). METNODSMedia. The standard medium consisted of 30 ml. quantities of autoclaved mineral salts solution (Coleman, 1958) to which was added: Na,S . 9H20 to a final concentration of 0.01 yo (w/v); c. 15 mg. dried grass (55" for 3 days) finely ground in a Lee Attrition Mill (Lee Engineering Co., Milwaukee, Wis., U.S.A.); 15 mg. rice starch, added as a suspension of known concentration in water; 3.0 ml. prepared fresh rumen fluid; chlorarnphenicol to a final concentration of 50 ,ug./ml. The final volume of complete medium was c. 35 ml. Tubes of complete medium were gassed vigorously for 3 min. with a mixture of 95% (v/v) N, + 5 yo (v/v) CO, (which had been freed from oxygen by the method of Stone & Beeson, 1936) and stoppered immediately. , 411 media were warmed to 38" before use. Fresh rumen fluid was usually prepared and used the same day (see Coleman, 1958), except when it was inconvenient to obtain fresh rumen contents. A4t these times the prepared material was kept a t -15" under 95 yo (v/v) N, + 5 y% (v/v) CO, for not longer than 4 clays and warmed to 38" 35-2

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“…However, Gutierrez & Davis (1959) were able to isolate only 3-10 Streptococcus bovis organisms per ciliate, as compared with the 100-150 bacteria which were visible microscopically. The ciliates were also shown to ingest 8. bovis and it was suggested that the protozoa might have been digesting the bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sheep rumen Entodiniomorphid protozoa freshly isolated from the rumen (Gutierrez & Davis, 1959) or grown in vitro (Coleman, 1962) contain bacteria in their gastric sacs. However, Gutierrez & Davis (1959) were able to isolate only 3-10 Streptococcus bovis organisms per ciliate, as compared with the 100-150 bacteria which were visible microscopically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Metabolism of Escherichia coli and other Bacteria by Entodinium caudatum

Coleman

1964

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY14C-labelled Escherichia coli and other bacteria were used to measure their uptake by washed suspensions of Entodinium caudatum. All the bacteria tested were engulfed by the protozoa with a maximum uptake of 1.1 x 104 E. colilprotozoon a t an initial rate of over 200 bacterialprotozoonl min. After 30 min. only 12 % of the engulfed bacteria were still viable. 50 yo of the bacterial carbon was retained by the protozoa and, after breakage of the protozoa and centrifugation of the homogenate, 40% of this carbon was present in the supernatant fluid, principally as protein.Competition experiments where the protozoa were offered two different species of bacteria showed that the protozoa engulfed bacteria in the proportion in which they were present in the medium. The growth of E. cuudatum in the presence of rice starch, autoclaved rumen fluid and penicillin was stimulated by several species of bacteria, including E. coli, Clostridium welchii, Lactobacillus casei.

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Bacterial Ingestion by the Rumen Ciliates Entodinium and Diplodinium

Cited by 46 publications

References 12 publications

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

Rôle of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep

The Cultivation of Sheep Rumen Oligotrich Protozoa in vitro

The Metabolism of Escherichia coli and other Bacteria by Entodinium caudatum

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