2006
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020135
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Bacterial Programmed Cell Death and Multicellular Behavior in Bacteria

Abstract: Traditionally, programmed cell death (PCD) is associated with eukaryotic multicellular organisms. However, recently, PCD systems have also been observed in bacteria. Here we review recent research on two kinds of genetic programs that promote bacterial cell death. The first is mediated by mazEF, a toxin–antitoxin module found in the chromosomes of many kinds of bacteria, and mainly studied in Escherichia coli. The second program is found in Bacillus subtilis, in which the skf and sdp operons mediate the death … Show more

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Cited by 389 publications
(358 citation statements)
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“…The biological function(s) of type II TA loci have been intensely debated, but it has not been possible to assign a single common function to them (10,(44)(45)(46). However, the observations described here, particularly the coherent patterns seen in Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 76%
“…The biological function(s) of type II TA loci have been intensely debated, but it has not been possible to assign a single common function to them (10,(44)(45)(46). However, the observations described here, particularly the coherent patterns seen in Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 76%
“…How would such a self-destructive tendency be favored by a process (natural selection) that places a high premium on survival and reproduction? The resolution of the paradox generally involves a situation in which the self-sacrifice improves the fitness of the higher-level unit [6,7,9,[11][12][13]17,[23][24][25][26][27]. For ease of discussion, let us call the lower-level entities ''particles'' and the higher-level entities ''collectives''.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One of them is constant updating of the biosystem's elements, mediated by autophagy-like processes. Indeed, a time of existence of any differentiated community (be it an association 3,39 have the same principal mechanism (regulated partial self-consumption of constituents by the biosystem); 1,22 and also achieve the same final goal (survival of a biosystem under stress conditions and maintaining homeostasis). 3,22 In protophagy, the role of cargo vesicles is assumed by a prokaryotic cell, while a prokaryotic community is a biosystem, which recycles parts of digested bacteria to maintain self-stability.…”
Section: Prokaryotes As Multicellular Organismsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3,22 In protophagy, the role of cargo vesicles is assumed by a prokaryotic cell, while a prokaryotic community is a biosystem, which recycles parts of digested bacteria to maintain self-stability. 39 Similar to eukaryotic autophagy, protophagy functions are not limited to energy homeostasis and quality control only. For example, protophagy is employed by pathogenic bacteria for host invasion (Fig.…”
Section: Prokaryotes As Multicellular Organismsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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