Bacterial Translocation and Alterations of the Digestive System

Role of Prostaglandin E2 in Cirrhotic Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

“…With respect to compromised host defenses, patients with severe acute or chronic liver disease are often deficient in complement and may also have malfunctioning of the neutrophils and reticuloendothelial systems (3) . In cirrhosis with portal hypertension, the microcirculation in the intestinal mucosa is disturbed, resulting in a reduction of mucosal blood flow that leads to congestion, edema, ischemia, and potentially to erosions, intestinal bacterial overgrowth and impaired mucosal integrity (4) .…”

Disruption of the gut-liver axis in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic liver failure

“…The following consequences may be present when liver functions are impaired: 1) persistent immune activation, inflammation and stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by impaired function of KCs and uncontrolled endotoxemia [29][30]. 2) Uncontrolled intestinal bacteria overgrowth due to endotoxemia, immune dysfunction, and TLR-mediated inflammation [31]. 3) An increase in the level of hepatotoxin, a toxic chemical substance that damages the liver, may release to the circulation and result in immune dysfunction [32].…”