Bacterial vaginosis pattern and antibiotic susceptibility testing in female patients using high vaginal swabs

Abstract

Abstract. Al-Kraety IAA, Al-Muhanna SG, Banoon SR, Ghasemian A. 2022. Bacterial vaginosis pattern and antibiotic susceptibility testing in female patients using high vaginal swabs. Biodiversitas 23: 2838-2844. Bacterial species found in the vaginal environment encompass a wide variety of species. A common cause of vaginal discharge in women is bacterial vaginosis BV (BV). Various Gram-positive and Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria, including E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Raoultella ornithinolytica, and Staphylococcus spp. contribute significantly to bacterial vaginosis. In this study, vaginal swabs (VS) were obtained from 50 individuals with symptoms of vaginal discharge. The swabs were inoculated on blood, Mannitol, and MacConkey agar culture media. Biochemical tests were performed after an overnight incubation period to determine growth and colonial morphology. In addition to VITEK® 2 compact system and PCR technique by using a 16s RNA gene where all bacteria isolates were positive for this gene. Antibiotic sensitivity was investigated through compact VITEK® 2 and sensitivity cards (AST-P580), (AST-N222), and (AST-GN76). The bacterial isolates including 20 (43.4%) of E. coli, 8 (17.3%) of Klebsiella spp. and 8 (17.3%) of Staphylococcus spp. were investigated in present study. Additionally, 4 (8.6%) isolates of Enterobacter spp., 3 (6.5%) of E. faecalis, and 3 (6.5%) of R. ornithinolytica. The E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., E. faecalis and R. ornithinolytica isolates were found resistant to several antibiotics and considered multi-resistance (MDR).

Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Patients with Vaginal Discharge: A 2019-2022 Analysis at the National Health Laboratory in Eritrea

“…(17.3%), and Staphylococcus spp. (17.3%) were the most common isolates [ 6 ]. Another study showed that the most prevalent pathogen was E. coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , and Citrobacter spp.…”

“…Similarly, studies reported that Klebsiella spp. exhibited high resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [ 6 ] and isolates exhibited high resistance (>60%) to nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone [ 21 ]. This could be mainly due to the fact that these antibiotics are among the antibiotics commonly prescribed for these gram-negative bacteria for different diseases.…”

“…Escherichia coli was resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but was highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin. Similarly, E. coli was highly resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [ 6 ], and E. coli were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone, but susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and nitrofurantoin [ 11 ]. Also, E. coli isolates exhibited high resistance (>60% resistance) to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, cephalexin, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone [ 21 ].…”

“…A common cause of vaginal discharge in women is bacterial vaginosis. Various rod-shaped gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli , Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus spp., contribute significantly to bacterial vaginosis [ 6 , 7 ].…”

“…Bacterial isolates include 20 (43.4%) of E. coli , 8 (17.3%) of Klebsiella spp., and 8 (17.3%) of Staphylococcus spp. The E. coli , Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., E. faecalis , and R. ornithinolytica isolates were found resistant to several antibiotics and considered multidrug resistance (MDR) [ 6 ]. The most common pathogens that cause vaginal discharge are Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Trichomonas vaginalis , and Mycoplasma genitalium [ 19 , 20 ].…”