Bacteriophage Distribution in Human Faeces: Continuous Survey of Healthy Subjects and Patients with Internal and Leukaemic Diseases

Furuse, Kohsuke; Osawa, Satoshi; Kawashiro, J.; Tanaka, Ryuichiro; Ozawa, Atsushi; Sawamura, Sadaaki; Yanagawa, Yoshitoki; Nagao, Tadami; Watanabe, Itaru

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-64-9-2039

Cited by 82 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In determining the number of coliphages and coliphage strains present in fecal samples collected from both healthy individuals and patients with certain internal and leukemic diseases, Furuse et al 22 noted that qualitative and quantitative differences existed between the phages isolated from both groups. The fecal coliphage titers in healthy subjects were found to be low and the pools of free virions in the feces were represented mainly by temperate phages, presumably maintained in the human intestine through spontaneous induction in lysogenic bacteria.…”

Section: Bacteriophage Diversity Differs With Physiological Status Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite this limitation, culture-based methods have resulted in the isolation of numerous phages from human fecal samples using cultivable microorganisms at concentrations ranging from 0-10 5 plaque forming units (PFU/ml) per gram of dry feces. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] In some cases, phages have been isolated with a goal to providing possible indicators of fecal contamination in water and as such have generated important insight into phage ecology in the intestine. Phages which infect E. coli, Salmonella, Bacteroides and Enterococcus faecalis among others have been isolated directly from human sewage samples or polluted waters.…”

Section: Movers and Shakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Movers and shakers

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Section: Bacteriophage Diversity Differs With Physiological Status Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Movers and Shakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movers and shakers

et al. 2013

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“…Phages used as models/surrogates in water quality assessment are excreted by humans and animals. In fact, the faeces of animals such as cows and pigs generally contains higher densities of coliphages than that of humans (Dhillon et al, 1976;Osawa et al, 1981;Furuse et al, 1983), and the percentage of many animals which excrete phages tends to be higher than for humans (Grabow et al, 1993;1995). • The microflora of the gut, diet, and physiological state of animals seems to affect the numbers of coliphages in faeces.…”

Section: The Value Of Phages As Models/surrogates For Enteric Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serogroup II phages have been detected in human faeces and in no animal faeces other than 28% of porcine faeces. This phenomenon, which is not fully understood, offers an attractive tool to distinguish between faecal pollution of human and animal origin (Furuse et al, 1973(Furuse et al, , 1983Osawa et al, 1981;Hsu et al, 1995;Beekwilder et al, 1996;Grabow et al, 1998;Hayward, 1999;Uys, 1999).…”

Section: Male-specific F-rna Coliphagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water

Grabow¹

2004

WSA

185

230

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Phages are valuable models or surrogates for enteric viruses because they share many fundamental properties and features. Among these are structure, composition, morphology, size and site of replication. Even though they use different host cells, coliphages and Bacteroides fragilis phages predominantly replicate in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals where enteric viruses also replicate. A major advantage of phages is that, compared to viruses, they are detectable by simple, inexpensive and rapid techniques. In view of these features, phages are particularly useful as models to assess the behaviour and survival of enteric viruses in the environment, and as surrogates to assess the resistance of human viruses to water treatment and disinfection processes. Since there is no direct correlation between numbers of phages and viruses, phages cannot to a meaningful extent be used to indicate numbers of viruses in polluted water. The presence of phages typically associated with human and animal excreta indicates the potential presence of enteric viruses. However, the absence of these phages from water environments is generally a meaningful indication of the absence of enteric viruses. This is because phages such as somatic coliphages, F-RNA coliphages and B. fragilis phages generally outnumber enteric viruses in water environments, and they are at least as resistant to unfavourable conditions including those in water treatment and disinfection processes. However, using highly sensitive molecular techniques viruses have been detected in drinking water supplies which yielded negative results in conventional tests for phages. Initially, data on phages were rather confusing because a wide variety of techniques was used. However, techniques for the detection of phages are being standardised internationally. This applies in particular to somatic and F-RNA coliphages, and B. fragilis phages, which are most commonly used in water quality assessment. Reliable and practical techniques now available include direct quantitative plaque assays on samples of water up to 100 ml, and qualitative tests on 500 ml or more using highly sensitive enrichment procedures.

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“…They have been isolated from a wide variety of environments, including seawater (Borsheim 1993), soil (Ashelford et al 2003), sewage (Ewert and Paynter 1980), food products (Gautier et al 1995;Josephsen and Neve 1998;Yoon et al 2002), and feces (Furuse et al 1983). The property of phages to infect and lyse bacterial cells led to the therapeutic use of bacteriophages, the so-called phage therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and activity of an Enterobacter aerogenes-specific bacteriophage under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions

Verthé

Possemiers

Boon

et al. 2004

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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A bacteriophage, designated UZ1 and showing lytic activity against a clinically important strain (BE1) of Enterobacter aerogenes was isolated from hospital sewage. The stability and lytic activity against this strain under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions was evaluated. After addition of bacteriophage UZ1 to a liquid feed at gastric pH 2, the phage was immediately inactivated and could not be recovered. However, by use of an antacid to neutralize stomach acidity, no significant changes in phage titer were observed after 2 h incubation at 37°C. After supplementing pancreatic juice and further incubation for 4 h, the phage titer remained stable. The persistence of UZ1 in a mixed microbial ecosystem that was representative for the large intestine was monitored using an in vitro simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. A pulse administration of bacteriophage UZ1 at a concentration of 10 5 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml to reactor 3 (which simulates the ascending colon) showed that, in the absence of the host, bacteriophage UZ1 persisted for 13 days in the simulated colon, while the theoretical washout was calculated at 16 days. To assess its lytic activity in an intestinal microbial ecosystem, a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled E. aerogenes BE1 strain was constructed and gfp-specific primers were designed in order to quantify the host strain using real-time PCR. It was observed that bacteriophage UZ1 was able to replicate and showed lytic activity against E. aerogenes BE1/gfp in an intestinal microbial ecosystem. Indeed, after 17 h a 2 log unit reduction of E. aerogenes BE1/gfp was measured as compared with the assay without bacteriophage UZ1, while the phage titer increased by 2 log units at an initial multiplicity of infection of 0.07 PFU/colonyforming unit. This is the first report of an in vitro model to study bacteriophage activity in the complex intestinal microbial community.

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Bacteriophage Distribution in Human Faeces: Continuous Survey of Healthy Subjects and Patients with Internal and Leukaemic Diseases

Cited by 82 publications

References 8 publications

Movers and shakers

Movers and shakers

Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water

Stability and activity of an Enterobacter aerogenes-specific bacteriophage under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions

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