Bacteriophage interactions with phagocytes and their potential significance in experimental therapy

Abstract

Bacteriophages are among the most numerous creatures on earth and they are omnipresent. They are thus in constant natural contact with humans and animals. However, the clinical and technological use of bacteriophages has also become more frequent, which is why all aspects of phage-mammal interactions need to be explored. Bacteriophages are able to interact with mammalian phagocytes. They may inhibit the phagocytosis of bacteria, but they may also undergo phagocytosis themselves. The ability of bacteriophages to reduce reactive oxygen species production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of bacteria or their endotoxins was also confirmed. Studies show that the high immunogenicity of bacteriophages may also be employed in anti-tumor treatment. The present knowledge of phage interactions with cellular components of the mammalian immune system is sparse and insufficient, especially considering the increasing interest in the application of these viruses in human life. We believe that continuation of such research is indispensable.

Effect of Bacteriophage on the Transcriptional and Translational Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Chicken Macrophage

“…The infection through Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1)-mediated invasion and SPI-2-mediated survival systems can cause serious problems with elimination of intracellular Salmonella that is likely to modulate host cellular immune system and be prevented from antibiotic treatments (Babu et al, 2012;Vikram et al, 2012). The decreased intracellular survival of infected bacteria within HD11 cells treated with P22 indicates that bacteriophage can stimulate phagocytosis-associated cell responses (Kurzępa et al, 2009).…”

Immunocompatibility of Bacteriophages as Nanomedicines

“…Two different strategies have been defined for phage display: (1) translational fusion of antigen coding sequence to coat protein gene and (2) Artificial conjugation of antigen to the coat protein; both of which are robust and allow for a wide array of antigens to be displayed. In addition, since phage particles are themselves immunogenic, the antigen displayed on the phage is already combined with a natural adjuvant, which eliminate the necessity of alternative adjuvant protein purification and further conjugation with the vaccine [31]. This fact dramatically reduces the cost for generating new vaccines while enhancing efficiency.…”

“…Kurzepa et al first demonstrated that the injection of phage T7 into a mammalian host resulted in elevated interferon levels [22]. The potential application of bacteriophages as immunization tool was proposed since it was observed that the immune response was stimulated by the phage genome and not coat proteins.…”

“…Phage mutagenesis followed by repeated administration of phage therapy and selection for long-circulating phage is an elegant method that permitted investigators to select and isolate mutant phage that persevere from the blood of a mouse. [22,28,29] Bacteriophages and Reactive Oxygen Species Production…”

“…[ 22] on the phage heads. Phages significantly inhibited lung metastasis of B16 melanoma cells (T4 by 47% and HAP1 by 80%).…”