Balance and Stability of Synaptic Structures during Synaptic Plasticity

Meyer, Daniel; Bonhoeffer, Tobias; Scheuss, Volker

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.031

Cited by 357 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, isoforms of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMKII) displayed a relative down-regulation (10–20% decrease) 60 min after pilocarpin stimulation. The downscaling of this highly abundant protein at the excitatory postsynapse (Kelly et al, 1984) could be indicative of subsequent restructuring processes of synaptic junctions (see also Bosch et al, 2014; Meyer et al, 2014). …”

Section: Changes In the Synaptic Proteome Associated With Plasticity mentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of protein expression in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation

Rosenberg¹,

Gal-Ben-Ari²,

Dieterich³

et al. 2014

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

140

103

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The amount and availability of proteins are regulated by their synthesis, degradation, and transport. These processes can specifically, locally, and temporally regulate a protein or a population of proteins, thus affecting numerous biological processes in health and disease states. Accordingly, malfunction in the processes of protein turnover and localization underlies different neuronal diseases. However, as early as a century ago, it was recognized that there is a specific need for normal macromolecular synthesis in a specific fragment of the learning process, memory consolidation, which takes place minutes to hours following acquisition. Memory consolidation is the process by which fragile short-term memory is converted into stable long-term memory. It is accepted today that synaptic plasticity is a cellular mechanism of learning and memory processes. Interestingly, similar molecular mechanisms subserve both memory and synaptic plasticity consolidation. In this review, we survey the current view on the connection between memory consolidation processes and proteostasis, i.e., maintaining the protein contents at the neuron and the synapse. In addition, we describe the technical obstacles and possible new methods to determine neuronal proteostasis of synaptic function and better explain the process of memory and synaptic plasticity consolidation.

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Section: Changes In the Synaptic Proteome Associated With Plasticity mentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of protein expression in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation

Rosenberg¹,

Gal-Ben-Ari²,

Dieterich³

et al. 2014

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

140

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One limitation of EM is that the same structure cannot be studied both before and after LTP induction, and conclusions must, therefore, be based on statistical analysis. It is thus important that other recent studies using light microscopic analysis of structural proteins of the PSD have been able to follow the incorporation of structural proteins over time after LTP induction [8,9]. These studies show that two structural proteins of the PSD, PSD-95 and Homer, do not increase during early LTP but do increase during late LTP [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It has long been known that LTP occurs in two phases, an early phase which lasts on the order of an hour and does not depend on protein synthesis and a late phase that does [11]. Recent EM experiments suggest that early LTP does not involve growth of the PSD, whereas late LTP does [8][9][10]. Furthermore, analysis of EM images suggests that the growth of a synapse involves an expansion of both the PSD and a presynaptic structure called the presynaptic grid [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thus important that other recent studies using light microscopic analysis of structural proteins of the PSD have been able to follow the incorporation of structural proteins over time after LTP induction [8,9]. These studies show that two structural proteins of the PSD, PSD-95 and Homer, do not increase during early LTP but do increase during late LTP [8,9]. Thus, a strong working hypothesis is that LTP induction produces slowly developing trans-synaptic growth of the synapse and that it is this structural change that encodes long-term memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gradation (approx. 10 size states) of synaptic strength by quantal addition of structural modules

Liu

Hagan

Lisman

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Memory storage involves activity-dependent strengthening of synaptic transmission, a process termed long-term potentiation (LTP). The late phase of LTP is thought to encode long-term memory and involves structural processes that enlarge the synapse. Hence, understanding how synapse size is graded provides fundamental information about the information storage capability of synapses. Recent work using electron microscopy (EM) to quantify synapse dimensions has suggested that synapses may structurally encode as many as 26 functionally distinct states, which correspond to a series of proportionally spaced synapse sizes. Other recent evidence using superresolution microscopy has revealed that synapses are composed of stereotyped nanoclusters of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and scaffolding proteins; furthermore, synapse size varies linearly with the number of nanoclusters. Here we have sought to develop a model of synapse structure and growth that is consistent with both the EM and super-resolution data. We argue that synapses are composed of modules consisting of matrix material and potentially one nanocluster. LTP induction can add a trans-synaptic nanocluster to a module, thereby converting a silent module to an AMPA functional module. LTP can also add modules by a linear process, thereby producing an approximately 10-fold gradation in synapse size and strength.This article is part of the themed issue 'Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity'.

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“…For example, the actin cytoskeletal mesh, which maintains the spine structure, needs to be rearranged. In addition, PSD size and the number of glutamate receptors on the spine also changes (Makino and Malinow, 2009; Bosch et al, 2014; Meyer et al, 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity of Spine Structure: Local Signaling, Translation and Cytoskeletal Reorganization

Nakahata

Yasuda

2018

Front. Synaptic Neurosci.

182

161

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Dendritic spines are small protrusive structures on dendritic surfaces, and function as postsynaptic compartments for excitatory synapses. Plasticity of spine structure is associated with many forms of long-term neuronal plasticity, learning and memory. Inside these small dendritic compartments, biochemical states and protein-protein interactions are dynamically modulated by synaptic activity, leading to the regulation of protein synthesis and reorganization of cytoskeletal architecture. This in turn causes plasticity of structure and function of the spine. Technical advances in monitoring molecular behaviors in single dendritic spines have revealed that each signaling pathway is differently regulated across multiple spatiotemporal domains. The spatial pattern of signaling activity expands from a single spine to the nearby dendritic area, dendritic branch and the nucleus, regulating different cellular events at each spatial scale. Temporally, biochemical events are typically triggered by short Ca2+ pulses (~10–100 ms). However, these signals can then trigger activation of downstream protein cascades that can last from milliseconds to hours. Recent imaging studies provide many insights into the biochemical processes governing signaling events of molecular assemblies at different spatial localizations. Here, we highlight recent findings of signaling dynamics during synaptic plasticity and discuss their roles in long-term structural plasticity of dendritic spines.

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Balance and Stability of Synaptic Structures during Synaptic Plasticity

Cited by 357 publications

References 73 publications

The roles of protein expression in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation

The roles of protein expression in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation

Gradation (approx. 10 size states) of synaptic strength by quantal addition of structural modules

Plasticity of Spine Structure: Local Signaling, Translation and Cytoskeletal Reorganization

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