Complete pesticide nanocapsules were readily prepared
through an
“on site” FeIII-tannic acid (TA) coordination
assembly based on oil/water microemulsions stabilized with different
types of surfactants and with various pesticides dissolved in the
oil phase after only one deposition cycle of Fe3+ and TA.
This is a universal strategy suitable for the oil/water microemulsions
stabilized with different types of surfactants and independent of
the addition sequence of Fe3+ and TA. Surprisingly, the
smart pesticide nanocapsules showed multidimensional on-demand controlled
pesticide release (including acidic pH, alkaline pH, glutathione,
ascorbic acid, H2O2, phosphate, phytic acid,
and sunlight) as well as excellent resistance to rainwater erosion
and ultraviolet photolysis. The examples of ascorbic acid- and phytic
acid-triggered controlled release of loaded cargos (including pesticides
or drugs) were reported for the first time, respectively. It is the
first time that the 8 types of stimuli were integrated into one smart
nanovehicle for the on-demand controlled release of encapsulated cargos
(including pesticides and drugs). The multidimensional stimuli were
closely relevant to the physiological and natural environments of
crop plants, and the FeIII-TA wall materials were ultimately
degraded in the crop plants. The nanocapsules loaded with the fungicide
tebuconazole showed high fungicidal efficacy against fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium graminearum, and the nanocapsules loaded with the insecticide avermectin have
high insecticidal efficacy against the pests Plutella xylostella, in comparison with conventional pesticide formulations. The facile,
safe, controlled-release, and degradable pesticide nanocapsules show
great application prospects in sustainable ecological agriculture.