Balancing-Aware Charging Strategy for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells: A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Approach

Pozzi, Andrea; Zambelli, Massimo; Ferrara, Antonella; Raimondo, Davide M.

doi:10.1109/tcst.2020.2995308

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…A simplified linear parameter varying model is developed to represent charge and temperature imbalance. In [24], SOC imbalance in series-connected cells is controlled via a nonlinear model predictive control scheme upon proper simplifications of the electrochemical battery dynamics and insights on an easily implementable power supply scheme are provided.…”

Section: A Motivation and Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The operation of the battery module is subject to the dynamic constraints (24) and the following operating constraints for each cell with k = 1, . .…”

Section: Optimal Control Problem Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The next section is devoted to solve the OCP (28) subject to dynamic constraints (24) and the operating constraints ( 31)- (35).…”

Section: Optimal Control Problem Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extending life of Lithium-ion battery systems by embracing heterogeneities via an optimal control-based active balancing strategy

Azimi¹,

Allam²,

Onori³

2022

Preprint

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This paper develops a multi-objective fast charging-minimum degradation optimal control problem (OCP) for lithium-ion battery modules, made of series-connected cells, subject to heterogeneity induced by manufacturing defects and non uniform operating conditions, realized via an active balancing circuitry. Each cell is expressed via a coupled nonlinear electrochemical, thermal, and aging model and the direct collocation approach is employed to transcribe the OCP into a nonlinear programming problem (NLP). The proposed OCP is formulated under two different schemes of charging operation: (i) same-charging-time (OCP-SCT) and (ii) differentcharging-time (OCP-DCT). The former assumes simultaneous charging of all cells irrespective of their initial conditions, whereas the latter allows for different charging times of the cells to account for heterogeneous initial conditions. Simulations on an illustrative case study-a battery module with two seriesconnected cells-are carried out in the presence of intrinsic hetereogeneity among the cells in terms of state of charge and state of health. Results show that the OCP-DCT scheme provides more flexibility to deal with heterogeneity, boasting of lower temperature increase, charging current amplitudes, and degradation. Finally, comparison with the common practice of constant current (CC) charging over a long-term cycling operation shows that promising savings, in terms of retained capacity, are attainable under the new control.

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Section: A Motivation and Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The operation of the battery module is subject to the dynamic constraints (24) and the following operating constraints for each cell with k = 1, . .…”

Section: Optimal Control Problem Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extending life of Lithium-ion battery systems by embracing heterogeneities via an optimal control-based active balancing strategy

Azimi¹,

Allam²,

Onori³

2022

Preprint

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“…These physics-based models consist of partialdifferential equations (PDEs) and algebraic equations, which describe porous, solid and solution phases in the battery with high-fidelity. The use of EChMs within MPC charging strategies allows controlling the state of charge of the battery in terms of Li-ion concentrations, while enforcing voltage bounds [9], [10] or limiting electrochemical states [11], [12]. Although purposely implemented for the fast charge of the battery and tested in simulations, the use of the high-fidelity and complex EChMs is not realistic in real-world BMSs, which are not able to solve complex problems involving PDEs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EHM is a linear ordinary-differential equations (ODE) model with a nonlinear output equation, which makes it simple yet electrochemically accurate for online estimation and control. However, it must be remarked that even using low-order models like the EHM, MPC-based policies like [12] tend to be computationally heavy and not suitable for the lowcomputational power of the embedded electronics typically used in BMSs. For the limited computational capabilities of current BMSs, charging controllers with a smaller size and fewer number of operations are more convenient and time saving according to [25].…”

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confidence: 99%

Low-Complexity Fast Charging Strategies Based on Explicit Reference Governors for Li-Ion Battery Cells

Goldar

Romagnoli

Couto

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol.

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This paper proposes and compares a new family of low-complexity control schemes for the fast charge of Liion battery cells accounting for degradation constraints. These schemes are based on a two-levels architectures, where a lowlevel linear quadratic regulator (LQR) ensures stability and fast tracking of the applied reference, while an outer control layer, based on an explicit reference governor (ERG), enforces constraints satisfaction by manipulating the applied reference of the lower level. The ERG is based on the construction of a suitable Lyapunov level set contained inside of linear constraints. The main challenge to build a performing ERG for the fast charge of Li-ion batteries is how to choose a convenient Lyapunov function for non-convex constraints arising from the electrochemical model of the battery. This paper proposes and compares four different approaches to obtain performing Lyapunov functions for a concave constraint evaluating the impact on the charging time of a Li-ion battery and on the required computational time. Experimental validations on commercial LCO battery cells (Turnigy nano-tech 160 mAh) show a trade-off between the four methods computational time and the charging time.Index Terms-reference governors, explicit reference governor, state feedback control, lithium-ion batteries, fast charging, computationally-efficient constrained control, nonlinear concave constraints I. INTRODUCTIONS ince the release of the first lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell back in the 1990s [1], research on this technology has mainly focused on developing new battery materials to improve power delivery and extend lifespan. So far, little attention has been paid to improve the current battery charging protocols in order to reduce the charging time while increasing lifetime expectancy and safety. As the number of batterypowered devices increases in the daily life, customers are not willing to wait several hours for fully charging their batteries, Manuscript received August 18, 2019. 2nd Version Resubmitted April, 2020. This work is performed within the framework of the BATWAL project (Convention 1318146, PE PlanMarshall 2.vert) financed by the Walloon region.

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The imperative for sensing innovations toward lab on cell in battery technology: a holistic survey of the emerging trend of embedding sensor technologies in electrochemical cells

Thenaisie,

Couto

2024

Discov Electron

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The rapid evolution of battery technology has sparked an urgent need for advanced monitoring and diagnostic capabilities. This comprehensive review explores the emerging concept of Lab-on-Cell (LoC), a paradigm shift in battery management that integrates sophisticated sensing technologies directly into electrochemical cells. Through meticulous analysis, the study examines cutting-edge sensor technologies, including resistive and thermoelectric sensors, piezoelectric devices, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and optical fiber sensors. It delves into their principles, applications, and limitations within the context of battery diagnostics. Uniquely, this review intertwines technological assessment with geopolitical and economic context, charting the evolution of LoC technologies against a backdrop of global events and policy shifts. It sheds light on the complex drivers of innovation in this field, drawing connections between research trends, industrial needs, and regulatory changes. The study introduces a novel dual-reference system, separating general and LoC-specific sources to cater to a diverse readership. The review culminates in a forward-looking analysis of LoC technologies’ potential impact on battery management systems, cell design, and manufacturing processes. By weaving together technological advancements, market forces, and future projections, this in-depth examination provides a holistic view of the LoC landscape. It stands as a vital resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers navigating the intricate future of energy storage technologies.

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Balancing-Aware Charging Strategy for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells: A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Approach

Cited by 30 publications

References 56 publications

Extending life of Lithium-ion battery systems by embracing heterogeneities via an optimal control-based active balancing strategy

Extending life of Lithium-ion battery systems by embracing heterogeneities via an optimal control-based active balancing strategy

Low-Complexity Fast Charging Strategies Based on Explicit Reference Governors for Li-Ion Battery Cells

The imperative for sensing innovations toward lab on cell in battery technology: a holistic survey of the emerging trend of embedding sensor technologies in electrochemical cells

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