Balantidiasis in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Silva, Rayana Katylin Mendes da; Dib, Laís Verdan; Amendoeira, Maria Regina Reis; Class, Camila Carvalho; Pinheiro, Jessica Lima; Fonseca, Ana Beatriz Monteiro; Barbosa, Alynne da Silva

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106069

Cited by 12 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The global distribution of balantidiasis is variable; significantly more cases are being reported from tropical and subtropical countries compared to other regions—warmer weather and high rates of rainfall provide suitable environment for parasite growth [ 10 , 11 ]. Besides, poor sanitation and indigenous cultural practices are other factors behind this upset [ 2 ]. While relating balantidiasis with gender, gender should not be considered a direct risk factor because men and women have specific roles for the sustenance of their families and their roles may vary from country to country [ 10 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Balantidium coli , a large pathogenic ciliated protozoan known, in rare instance infects humans resembling amoebic colitis. Despite its global distribution, even in the endemic region, the prevalence of human infection rarely exceeds 1% [ 1 , 2 ]. In humans, the transmission of the ciliates occurs via the stage of the cyst which is shed on pig faeces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, the transmission of the ciliates occurs via the stage of the cyst which is shed on pig faeces. Therefore, humans with poor hygiene and those within the proximity to pigs are at high risk of infection—balantidiasis [ 2 , 3 ]. The clinical presentation of the infection is vague, similar to that as seen in salmonellosis, shigellosis, cholera, coccidial or microsporidia, amebiasis, and other enteric infections, characterized by bloody diarrhoea or dysentery, tenesmus, nausea, vomiting, and other abdominal symptoms [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, humans with poor hygiene and those within the proximity to pigs are at high risk of infection—balantidiasis [ 2 , 3 ]. The clinical presentation of the infection is vague, similar to that as seen in salmonellosis, shigellosis, cholera, coccidial or microsporidia, amebiasis, and other enteric infections, characterized by bloody diarrhoea or dysentery, tenesmus, nausea, vomiting, and other abdominal symptoms [ 2 , 3 ]. It is, however, a potent pathogen owing to its rare human incidence and nonspecific clinical presentations often neglected from the diagnosis considerations [ 4 – 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neglected Case of Human Balantidiasis: Presumed as Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea

Shrestha¹,

Khadka

2022

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases

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Background. Balantidiasis, due to its rare human incidence and nonspecific clinical presentations often neglected from the diagnosis considerations; however, a potent pathogen. Herein, we report a case of neglected balantidiasis presumed as antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Case Presentation. A 27-year-old policeman presented in Sindhuli Hospital, with a chief complaint of epigastric pain, nausea, decreased appetite for several days, and loose stools (3-4 episodes per day). Previously, he was under antibiotic therapy (amoxycillin) for tonsillitis. The health post clinician made a presumptive diagnosis as the side effects of the antibiotics; however, the symptoms were not resolved. Complete blood cell count (CBC) was normal; renal function test (RFT) and liver function (LFT) were within the normal ranges. Ultrasonography of the abdomen and ECG (electrocardiogram) showed normal findings. However, on routine stool actively motile trophozoites of Balantidium coli (B. coli) were seen. He was treated successfully with metronidazole 750 mg tabs orally three times daily for 5 days. Conclusion. Protozoal infections, like balantidiasis, might be excluded from the diagnostic consideration in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea cases. Therefore, meticulous review of nonspecific clinical presentation and validation of an etiology with support of diagnostic tests are mandatory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neglected Case of Human Balantidiasis: Presumed as Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea

Shrestha¹,

Khadka

2022

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases

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“…Helminths have been described for white-lipped peccaries (Carlos et al, 2008;Romero-Castañon et al, 2008), but there are few reports of parasitic protozoa (Farret et al, 2010;Limachi-Quiñajo et al, 2014). The lack of knowledge and records is worrying, especially since contact with the species is maintained by rural and indigenous groups (Altrichter, 2005), who may be naturally more susceptible to contamination when they have malnutrition or comorbidities and associated pre-existing infections (R. Silva et al, 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

Report of a protozoan of the phylum Ciliophora compatible with Balantioides coli in feces of white-lipped peccaries in Brazil

2022

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Balantioides coli is a ciliated protozoan with worldwide distribution, which parasites several species, especially the pig. In this work, it was presented the first possible case of parasitism by B. coli in white-lipped peccaries in Brazil. The 13 fecal samples were collected from white-lipped peccaries kept in the Zoológico Municipal de Curitiba, Brazil. The feces were processed using flotation and spontaneous sedimentation techniques. All of them were positive for parasites of the phylum Ciliophora similar to B. coli. As the animals did not show clinical signs of balantidiasis, they may be acting as reservoirs, which is worrying because of the proximity of white-lipped peccaries created as a means of subsistence by human population. Thus, we emphasize the importance of documenting these reports in order to understand the expansion of the parasite, mainly due to zoonotic potential of B. coli and implications for public health.

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Uninvited guest, Balantidium coli in urine in a patient with bladder cancer: A case report and review of the literature

Farmani

Soleimani

Razeghi

et al. 2023

Clinical Case Reports

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BACKGROUNDBalantidium coli is a ciliated protozoan that can infect various mammals, including pigs and humans. Human infection (balantidiasis) is brought feco-orally by consuming infective cysts with food and water. The trophozoites afterward mature and remain active in the intestinal lumen. Balantidiasis typically has no symptoms, but when it does, the manifestations include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. More severe disease consequences and extraintestinal involvement often affect individuals with immune deficiency and underlying diseases. [1][2][3][4] Herein, we report a case of bladder cancer with B. coli in urine. | CASE PRESENTATIONA 71-year-old Iranian woman was transferred to our center with fever, chills, and flank pain for a week. One year earlier, she underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) for a bladder lesion. The pathologic report declared invasive high-grade urothelial carcinoma, but she did not accept to do chemotherapy and surgery for cystectomy. After that, she was relatively well until 3 months ago when she presented with oliguria and abdominal pain. Sonography revealed severe bilateral hydronephrosis in addition to the advanced tumoral process in the pelvic cavity. Bilateral nephrostomy tubes were inserted, and she was discharged from the hospital. She had no

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Balantidiasis in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 12 publications

References 58 publications

Neglected Case of Human Balantidiasis: Presumed as Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea

Neglected Case of Human Balantidiasis: Presumed as Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea

Report of a protozoan of the phylum Ciliophora compatible with Balantioides coli in feces of white-lipped peccaries in Brazil

Uninvited guest, Balantidium coli in urine in a patient with bladder cancer: A case report and review of the literature

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