Ballistic helmets: Recent advances in materials, protection mechanisms, performance, and head injury mitigation

Li, Yongqiang; Fan, Hualin; Gao, X.-L.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109890

Cited by 50 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 209 publications

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“…In addition, a significant effect is found from the inclusion of the intersite damping, accompanied by a qualitative difference in solitary wave propagation within the system. The complex dynamics revealed in this study offer potential future guidance for applications including improved packaging to prevent damage during shipment [12], personal protection equipment [7,12,28], and crash mitigation for vehicles [12,16,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The local magnification of mechanical forces as a result of a dynamic collision (impact) and their detrimental effects on natural and engineered systems have been studied extensively [1][2][3][4]. A relatively new approach for the mitigation of damage induced by impact is the use of bistable structures, which in contrast to the more ubiquitous mechanisms of dissipation and scattering [5][6][7][8], reduces the effect of impact by reversibly "locking" some of the energy imparted by a shock or impact into the form of strain energy [9,10]. Both the performance and reversibility of bistable structures for impact mitigation are attractive, as the energy locking mechanism could be used in conjunction with other mechanisms [11], such as dissipation, and the structures can ostensibly be reset in a controllable fashion for reuse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dependence of the kinetic energy absorption capacity of bistable mechanical metamaterials on impactor mass and velocity

Fancher¹,

Frankel²,

Chin³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Using an alternative mechanism to dissipation or scattering, bistable structures and mechanical metamaterials have shown promise for mitigating the detrimental effects of impact by reversibly locking energy into strained material. Herein, we extend prior works on impact absorption via bistable metamaterials to computationally explore the dependence of kinetic energy transmission on the velocity and mass of the impactor, with strain rates exceeding 10 2 s −1 . We observe a large dependence on both impactor parameters, ranging from significantly better to worse performance than a comparative linear material. We then correlate the variability in performance to solitary wave formation in the system and give analytical estimates of idealized energy absorption capacity under dynamic loading. In addition, we find a significant dependence on damping accompanied by a qualitative difference in solitary wave propagation within the system. The complex dynamics revealed in this study offer potential future guidance for the application of bistable metamaterials to applications including human and engineered system shock and impact protection devices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of the kinetic energy absorption capacity of bistable mechanical metamaterials on impactor mass and velocity

Fancher¹,

Frankel²,

Chin³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Also, in many industries, engineers use natural fibers instead of synthetic fibers to minimize the weight of the final products [5]. Since composites are affected by impact loads in various industries such as aerospace and automobile, strengthening composites' impact properties is very important [6][7][8]. In thermoset composites, due to their fragile and hard nature, when the impact force is more than the strength of these composites, the layers separate and break down the layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel flexible biocomposite with hemp woven fabric and natural rubber based on lignin green filler: investigation numerical and experimental under high-velocity impact

Ghiaskar,

Nouri

2023

Phys. Scr.

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In this study, the comparison of the behavior of hemp/elastomeric biocomposites based on lignin and carbon black has been investigated experimentally and numerically under the influence of high speed. SEM images confirmed the dispersion and good interaction of lignin in natural rubber with a uniform surface coverage of fibers and the gap of yarns. The results of tensile and dynamic compression tests showed that elastomer with lignin filler improves tensile strength for rubber samples and composites compared to carbon black. The high-velocity impact tests were performed on single-layer and three-layer composites based on lignin and carbon. The penetration resistance and failure mechanism of the composites during impact were validated using a constitutive material model for hemp fabric and a user-defined material model (VUMAT) for the nonlinear behavior of rubber materials with a damage criterion in ABAQUS/Explicit. For one-layer and three-layer flexible composites based on lignin, the ballistic limit is 49 and 96 m/s, respectively. Compared to carbon-based composites, it has increased by 11.36 and 13% for one-layer and three-layers, respectively. Using a thin matrix to cover hemp fabric increases the resistance of this type of fabric against high-speed impact. Through tensile failure, the stress is transferred to the surrounding fiber bundles so that more threads can participate in the load-bearing process. As a result, the penetration depth in lignin-based composites is lower, and the protective margin is greater, which increases energy absorption.

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“…This original article presents for the first time an investigation of the thermal behavior of hybrid composites made of two types of fibers, the synthetic one, the Twaron ® fabric, and the natural one, the curaua non-woven mat, both incorporated into polymeric epoxy matrix. The production of US ballistic helmets, currently used by the Brazilian Army, was considered, with the aim of reducing costs and environmental impact associated with the material, without compromising ballistic and thermal performance [ 39 , 40 ]. Thermogravimetric (TGA) and thermomechanical (TMA) analyses obtained the relationship between property and temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Behavior of Curaua-Aramid Hybrid Laminated Composites for Ballistic Helmet

Meliande

Oliveira

Lemos³

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Hybrid composites are expanding applications in cutting-edge technology industries, which need materials capable of meeting combined properties in order to guarantee high performance and cost-effectiveness. This original article aimed for the first time to investigate the hybrid laminated composite thermal behavior, made of two types of fibers: synthetic Twaron® fabric and natural curaua non-woven mat, reinforcing epoxy matrix. The composite processing was based on the ballistic helmets methodology from the North American Personal Armor System for Ground Troops, currently used by the Brazilian Army, aiming at reduced costs, total weight, and environmental impact associated with the material without compromising ballistic performance. Thermal properties of plain epoxy, aramid fabric, and curaua mat were evaluated, as well as the other five configurations of hybrid laminated composites. These properties were compared using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with its derivative (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The results showed that the plain epoxy begins thermal degradation at 208 °C while the curaua mat at 231 °C and the aramid fabric at 477 °C. The hybrid laminated composites curves showed two or three inflections in terms of mass loss. The only sample that underwent thermal expansion was the five-aramid and three-curaua layers composite. In the third analyzed temperature interval, related to the glass transition temperature of the composites, there was, in general, an increasing thermal stability behavior.

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Ballistic helmets: Recent advances in materials, protection mechanisms, performance, and head injury mitigation

Cited by 50 publications

References 209 publications

Dependence of the kinetic energy absorption capacity of bistable mechanical metamaterials on impactor mass and velocity

Dependence of the kinetic energy absorption capacity of bistable mechanical metamaterials on impactor mass and velocity

A novel flexible biocomposite with hemp woven fabric and natural rubber based on lignin green filler: investigation numerical and experimental under high-velocity impact

Thermal Behavior of Curaua-Aramid Hybrid Laminated Composites for Ballistic Helmet

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