Abstract:Traditionally, the helmet shell has been used to provide protection against head injuries and fatalities caused by ballistic threats. In this study, because of the high cost of aramid fibres and the necessity for environmentally friendly alternatives, a portion of aramid was replaced with plain woven kenaf fibre, with different arrangements and thicknesses, without jeopardising the requirements demanded by U.S. Army helmet specifications. Furthermore, novel helmets were produced and tested to reduce the depend… Show more
“…An increase in the energy absorbed by the hybrids was also observed until the ballistic limit of each hybrid. The ballistic limit ranged between 417.8 m/s and 691 m/s [22]. Figure 10.Penetration energy of all hybrid composites.…”
Owing to the high cost of synthetic aramid fibers and the necessity for environmentally friendly alternatives, a portion of aramid was replaced by plain woven kenaf fiber, with different lay arrangements and thicknesses. The obtained hybrid composites with aramid and kenaf fibers were used to produce prototypes of army helmet shells. A hybrid composite material was produced using a hot press technique and comprises 19 layers of plain woven kenaf and aramid of various configurations and alternation. The behavior of this composite material on a quasi-static penetration test was studied and was found positive in terms of maximum load carried, energy absorbed in impact, and damage mechanisms. Consequently, a helmet armour was developed that was less costly and more readily available and that which could also be produced by reducing the potential harmful effects of petroleum products, without compromising the ballistic-resistant capability of the material.
“…An increase in the energy absorbed by the hybrids was also observed until the ballistic limit of each hybrid. The ballistic limit ranged between 417.8 m/s and 691 m/s [22]. Figure 10.Penetration energy of all hybrid composites.…”
Owing to the high cost of synthetic aramid fibers and the necessity for environmentally friendly alternatives, a portion of aramid was replaced by plain woven kenaf fiber, with different lay arrangements and thicknesses. The obtained hybrid composites with aramid and kenaf fibers were used to produce prototypes of army helmet shells. A hybrid composite material was produced using a hot press technique and comprises 19 layers of plain woven kenaf and aramid of various configurations and alternation. The behavior of this composite material on a quasi-static penetration test was studied and was found positive in terms of maximum load carried, energy absorbed in impact, and damage mechanisms. Consequently, a helmet armour was developed that was less costly and more readily available and that which could also be produced by reducing the potential harmful effects of petroleum products, without compromising the ballistic-resistant capability of the material.
“…This composite was fabricated by using hot press technique. Hybrid composite showed high impact compare with single fiber layer and meet the production of NIJ standard [ 36 ]. Rahman et al [ 41 ] study on performance of E-glass/epoxy composites adding with amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-MWCNTs) to improve ballistic performance.…”
“…Using amine hardener [29] Pineapple leaf, aramid, polyethylene Epoxy Using triethylene tetramine (TETA) hardener [30] Non-woven kenaf and Kevlar Epoxy The resin was cured using joint amine type (905-3S) [31] Sisal fiber and polyaramid fibers Epoxy Sisal fibers was cutting to 3.5 mm in length. Then drying sunlight for 3 to 5 h eliminated moisture [32] Woven kenaf, Kevlar hybrid yarn Epoxy Kenaf fiber at 75.08 tex [33] Polyaramid, Kevlar Vinyl ester Kevlar fabric was cut in 300 × 300 mm 2 pieces [34] Woven fabric Unsaturated polyester Resin Using 50% fiber volume [35] Plain Woven Kenaf, aramid PVB phenolic The stack of polymer composite consists of 19 layer [36] Single and yarns fiber (carbon, glass and para-aramid fiber) Epoxy Consists of 1,5 and 10 layer of polymer composite [37] Woven glass and graphite fiber Epoxy Fiber volume fraction for all types was 55% [38] carbon-aramid Epoxy Using different layer for each sample [39] Kevlar Thermosetting resin Average fiber weight fraction of 75% for each sample [40] Graphene nanoplatelets, glass fiber Araldite epoxy resin addition of graphene platelets (GNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), combined hybrid hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS)/CNT, and combined boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)/GNPs nanoparticles [11] E-glass fiber Epoxy Single fiber diameter of 14e16 mm was used. E-glass fibers were sized using epoxy silanes of max.…”
Even though natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have been widely used in automotive and building industries, there is still a room to promote them to high-level structural applications such as primary structural component specifically for bullet proof and ballistic applications. The promising performance of Kevlar fabrics and aramid had widely implemented in numerous ballistic and bullet proof applications including for bullet proof helmets, vest, and other armor parts provides an acceptable range of protection to soldiers. However, disposal of used Kevlar products would affect the disruption of the ecosystem and pollutes the environment. Replacing the current Kevlar fabric and aramid in the protective equipment with natural fibers with enhanced kinetic energy absorption and dissipation has been significant effort to upgrade the ballistic performance of the composite structure with green and renewable resources. The vast availability, low cost and ease of manufacturing of natural fibers have grasped the attention of researchers around the globe in order to study them in heavy armory equipment and high durable products. The possibility in enhancement of natural fiber’s mechanical properties has led the extension of research studies toward the application of NFRPCs for structural and ballistic applications. Hence, this article established a state-of-the-art review on the influence of utilizing various natural fibers as an alternative material to Kevlar fabric for armor structure system. The article also focuses on the effect of layering and sequencing of natural fiber fabric in the composites to advance the current armor structure system.
“…1 Worldwide market for personal protection systems is worth between 300 and 400 million euros per year, and it is increasing at a 5% rate each year. 2 Over the last decades, many attempts have been made to improve the effectiveness of combat helmets, where tendencies are to substitute heavy metallic helmets by composite shells, which have appeared with great potential to develope ligthweight personal protections. Helmet failure following ballistic impacts on laminated composites gives rise to new personal injuries compared to the metallic ones, as the increased penetration resistance is related to larger surface deformations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some works in the literature address the study of the effect of different shell configurations experimentally 2,6,7 to assess BHBT on helmeted heads, headforms or surrogates. [8][9][10][11] In Salman et al, 2 an experimental evaluation of ballistic impact tests against woven kenaf/ aramid-reinforced polyvinyl butyral hybrid composite helmets was performed, aiming to identify the best architecture laminate configuration fulfilling the US military Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) requirements. The damage mechanisms of each configuration were examined visually after testing, analysing cross sections of the samples.…”
Head trauma following a ballistic impact in a helmeted head is assessed in this work by means of finite element models. Both the helmet and the head models employed were validated against experimental high-rate impact tests in a previous work. Four different composite ply configurations were tested on the helmet shell, and the energy absorption and the injury outcome resulting from a high-speed impact with full metal jacket bullets were computed. Results reveal that hybrid aramid–polyethylene configurations do not prevent bullet penetration at high velocities, while 16-layer aramid configurations are superior in dissipating the energy absorbed from the impact. The fabric orientation of these laminates proved to be determinant for the injury outcome, as maintaining the same orientations for all the layers led to basilar skull fractures (dangerous), while alternating orientation of the adjacent plies resulted in an undamaged skull. To the authors knowledge, no previous work in the literature has analysed numerically the influence of different stack configurations on a single combat helmet composite shell on human head trauma.
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