Abstract:Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have recently been investigated as a component of multilayered armor system (MAS). These composites were found to present advantages when replacing conventional high strength synthetic aramid fabric laminate composite (Kevlar TM , with same thickness, as MAS second layer. Continuous and loose natural fibers were up to now mostly used to reinforce these ballistic composites. Only two natural fabrics reinforced polymer composite were so far used with same purpose. Ther… Show more
“…The study on the effect of natural fibers hybrid composites has been reported by Nascimento et al [ 148 ] using mallow and jute natural fabrics reinforced epoxy for multi-layered armor. Through the study done, 100% mallow fabric, 70/30 and 50/50 of mallow fabric and jute fabric, respectively can be considered as suitable material for use in ballistic shield as all these materials meet the requirement of standard NIJ 0101.06 as shown Figure 22 .…”
Section: Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites For Bumentioning
Even though natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have been widely used in automotive and building industries, there is still a room to promote them to high-level structural applications such as primary structural component specifically for bullet proof and ballistic applications. The promising performance of Kevlar fabrics and aramid had widely implemented in numerous ballistic and bullet proof applications including for bullet proof helmets, vest, and other armor parts provides an acceptable range of protection to soldiers. However, disposal of used Kevlar products would affect the disruption of the ecosystem and pollutes the environment. Replacing the current Kevlar fabric and aramid in the protective equipment with natural fibers with enhanced kinetic energy absorption and dissipation has been significant effort to upgrade the ballistic performance of the composite structure with green and renewable resources. The vast availability, low cost and ease of manufacturing of natural fibers have grasped the attention of researchers around the globe in order to study them in heavy armory equipment and high durable products. The possibility in enhancement of natural fiber’s mechanical properties has led the extension of research studies toward the application of NFRPCs for structural and ballistic applications. Hence, this article established a state-of-the-art review on the influence of utilizing various natural fibers as an alternative material to Kevlar fabric for armor structure system. The article also focuses on the effect of layering and sequencing of natural fiber fabric in the composites to advance the current armor structure system.
“…The study on the effect of natural fibers hybrid composites has been reported by Nascimento et al [ 148 ] using mallow and jute natural fabrics reinforced epoxy for multi-layered armor. Through the study done, 100% mallow fabric, 70/30 and 50/50 of mallow fabric and jute fabric, respectively can be considered as suitable material for use in ballistic shield as all these materials meet the requirement of standard NIJ 0101.06 as shown Figure 22 .…”
Section: Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites For Bumentioning
Even though natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have been widely used in automotive and building industries, there is still a room to promote them to high-level structural applications such as primary structural component specifically for bullet proof and ballistic applications. The promising performance of Kevlar fabrics and aramid had widely implemented in numerous ballistic and bullet proof applications including for bullet proof helmets, vest, and other armor parts provides an acceptable range of protection to soldiers. However, disposal of used Kevlar products would affect the disruption of the ecosystem and pollutes the environment. Replacing the current Kevlar fabric and aramid in the protective equipment with natural fibers with enhanced kinetic energy absorption and dissipation has been significant effort to upgrade the ballistic performance of the composite structure with green and renewable resources. The vast availability, low cost and ease of manufacturing of natural fibers have grasped the attention of researchers around the globe in order to study them in heavy armory equipment and high durable products. The possibility in enhancement of natural fiber’s mechanical properties has led the extension of research studies toward the application of NFRPCs for structural and ballistic applications. Hence, this article established a state-of-the-art review on the influence of utilizing various natural fibers as an alternative material to Kevlar fabric for armor structure system. The article also focuses on the effect of layering and sequencing of natural fiber fabric in the composites to advance the current armor structure system.
“…In the production of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with natural fibers [10,11,12,13,14], after mixing the polymer and the fibers in the desired ratio, the conventional curing time used is 24 hours [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. However, this time may be significantly different from that required for the complete curing reaction of the polymer matrix and therefore of the composite to be manufactured.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the present work, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was performed to evaluate if the total curing time of the epoxy resin could be less than the previously reported time of 24 h [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. This would optimize the availability of equipment such as presses and metal molds, as well as reduce the total production costs.…”
Knowledge about the curing behavior of a thermosetting resin and its composites includes the determination of kinetic parameters and constitutes an important scientific and technological tool for industrial process optimization. In the present work, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was used to determine several curing parameters for pure epoxy and its composite reinforced with 20 vol % mallow fibers. Analyses were performed with heating rates of 5, 7.5, and 10 °C/min, as per the ASTM E698 standard. The kinetic related parameters, that is, activation energy (E), Avrami’s pre-exponential factor (Z), and mean time to reach 50% cure (t½), were obtained for the materials, at temperatures ranging from 25 to 100 °C. Response surfaces based on the mathematical relationship between reaction time, transformed fraction, and temperature were provided for optimization purposes. The results showed that the average curing time used for the production of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/triethylenetetramine (DGEBA/TETA) epoxy systems or their composites reinforced with natural mallow fibers can be considerably reduced as the temperature is increased up to a certain limit.
“…Figure 20.(a) Schematic of a complete MAS, (b) indentation depth measurement with laser sensor caliper, (c) schematic view of the ballistic experimental setup. 93 MAS: multilayered armor systems.…”
Section: Natural Fibers-based Pmcsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Actually, this tendency is not new, it was adapted since the discovery of Basalt in 1923 which was then classified as a material of choice for military research and was extensively used during the Second World War. 89 Very recently, the use of less expensive, abundant, renewable, degradable, recyclable, and regarded as environmentally friendly Sisal fibers, 87 Curaua, 90 Giant Bamboo, 91 Malva, 92 Mallow, 93 Jute, [92][93][94] bagasse, 95 Rami, 96 and Coir 97 fibers attracted the Brazilian Monteiro's group who investigated the ballistic efficiency of epoxy composites reinforced with these different fibers in MAS.…”
The development of personal protection systems with improved ballistic performance and reduced weight has received a great interest in the last decade with the unfortunate ever-increasing threats and conflicts. In this review, the ordinarily polymeric fibers used in body armors manufacturing were first reported, then some nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene with advanced structural and mechanical properties, as well as their potential reinforcement of armor composites were investigated through some recent studies available in the literature. Additionally, natural fibers integrated into multilayered armor systems, and ballistic tests which endorse their future importance were also cited. This short review which sheds light on novel materials used in personal armor systems, a specific and an important topic that was not previously reviewed, aims to provide to the new researchers, engineers and manufactures in this field some guidelines about what are the promising materials that can be used in order to construct the ultimate body armors of the future.
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