Balloon valvuloplasty in a dog with congenital bicuspid aortic valve and supravalvar aortic stenosis (atypical Shone's complex)

Transthoracic echocardiography and its limitations in the diagnosis of congenital supernumerary aortic valve in a Thoroughbred

“…The use of TEE could have helped in confirming the exact number of supernumerary cusps (Meng et al., 2009 ; Oladiran et al., 2019 ; Winter et al., 2019 ), but this is not commonly available in equine practise and also not at our facility. A 3D echocardiography has been described in human (Shiota, 2008 ) and veterinary medicine (Menciotti et al., 2018 ) and has been applied also in equine cardiology (Redpath et al., 2020 ; Worsman et al., 2020 ).…”

“…Patients with these abnormalities may expect to develop hemodynamically significant complications at some point in their lifetime (Meng et al., 2009 ); thus, close follow‐up is recommended (Oladiran et al., 2019 ). For symptomatic patients, in human medicine valve repair and valve replacement have been described and this can be applied also in dogs (Winter et al., 2019 ). In horses this has not been described yet.…”

“…There are few reports of BAV in the dog (Scansen et al., 2018 ; Winter et al., 2019 ), in a sea lion (Koutaka et al., 2017 ) and in donkeys (Lilleengen, 1934 ; Rooney & Franks, 1964 ). QAV has been diagnosed in dogs (Serres et al., 2008 ), in hamsters (Fernandez et al., 1999 ; Lopez‐Garcia, 2015 ) in a shrew (Duran, 1996 ), in a cat (Nakamura et al., 2015 ) and in a horse (Michlik et al., 2014 ).…”

“…Diagnosis of these congenital malformations is usually reached with transthoracic echocardiography, but in humans advanced diagnostic imaging, such as transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), magnetic resonance imaging and computerised tomography, provides a more accurate assessment of valvular anatomy (Meng et al., 2009 ; Oladiran et al., 2019 ). In dogs, TEE is routinely used to better characterise the type of abnormality (Winter et al., 2019 ). However, in some cases, the diagnosis is reached as an incidental finding at necropsy (Koutaka et al., 2017 ; Oladiran et al., 2019 ).…”

“…provides a more accurate assessment of valvular anatomy (Meng et al, 2009;Oladiran et al, 2019). In dogs, TEE is routinely used to better characterise the type of abnormality (Winter et al, 2019).…”