Banana peduncle – A green and renewable heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from Ceiba pentandra oil

Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis from Honne-Rubber-Neem Oil Blend with a Novel Mesoporous Base Catalyst Synthesized from a Mixture of Three Agrowastes

“…As can be seen in Table 1, K has been observed to be the dominant element in calcined cocoa pod husk ash [20], calcined plantain peel [22] and calcined kola nut pod ash [18,19]. In another report, mass fraction of calcined banana peduncle ash at 700 °C for 4 h showed K (68.37%) as the dominant component, but with traces of Ca and Mg too [14]. Gohain et al [15] reported that calcined Carica papaya stem at 700 °C for 4 h contains K (56.71%), Ca (21.08%), Na (14.78%) and Mg (4.41%).…”

“…Evidence from several works indicate that this approach has been successfully applied for biodiesel production. Sources of biomass-derived catalysts include waste shells, biomass ashes, activated carbon-supported catalysts, animal bones and waste coral [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…Betiku et al [7] reported biodiesel yield of 98.5 wt.% using calcined banana peel as catalyst under the reaction conditions of temperature of 65 • C, time of 69.02 min, MeOH:oil of 7.6:1 and catalyst amount of 2.75 wt.% from Napoleon's plume oil. Biodiesel produced from Ceiba pentandra oil gave a maximum yield of 98.69 ± 0.18 wt.% using calcined banana peduncle ash of 1.978 wt.% at reaction temperature of 65 • C, time of 1 h and MeOH:oil of 9.20:1 [14]. Transesterification of soybean oil in the presence of banana peel ash at room temperature, reaction time of [14], MeOH:oil of 6:1 and catalyst amount of 0.7 wt.% gave a biodiesel yield of 98.95% [16].…”

“…Biodiesel produced from Ceiba pentandra oil gave a maximum yield of 98.69 ± 0.18 wt.% using calcined banana peduncle ash of 1.978 wt.% at reaction temperature of 65 • C, time of 1 h and MeOH:oil of 9.20:1 [14]. Transesterification of soybean oil in the presence of banana peel ash at room temperature, reaction time of [14], MeOH:oil of 6:1 and catalyst amount of 0.7 wt.% gave a biodiesel yield of 98.95% [16]. Several heterogenous catalysts with high catalytic activities have been developed at suitable calcination temperatures from waste materials.…”

Study on the derived based catalysts from Theobroma cacao pod husks for the conversion of beef tallow blend with waste used vegetable oil for fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis: burnt, submerged fermented, calcination, hybrid design, catalyst refining and reusability

“…The study conducted in another work by Betiku et al (2017) [11] reported the use of heterogeneous catalyst developed from cocoa pod husks, while Nath et al (2019) [12] developed heterogeneous catalyst from waste Brassica nigra plant for biodiesel production. In the work of Balajii et al (2020) [13], the heterogeneous catalyst was made from the Banana peduncle, meanwhile, Minakshi et al (2020) [14] used Carica papaya stem as a bio-based catalyst. Further study by Hadiyanto et al (2016) [15] utilized Anadara granosa as a heterogeneous CaO-based catalyst, but, Trisupakitti et al (2019) [16] used golden apple cherry snail as a heterogeneous catalyst to synthesized biodiesel from the vegetable.…”