Bancroftian filariasis in Pondicherry, South India: 1. Pre-control epidemiological observations

Rajagopalan, P. K.; Das, Pradeep; Subramanian, S.; Vanamail, Perumal; Ramaiah, K. D.

doi:10.1017/s0950268800031083

Cited by 50 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It was very low in children aged between 5-9 years old, increased up to the ages of 30-39, and then showed a trend to decrease in older people. This pattern seems to be a general rule once similar behaviour was also mentioned by Sasa et al (1976), Grove (1983), Rajagopalan et al (1989) and Albuquerque (1995b), in different regions in the world.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Epidemiological study of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Northeastern Brazil

Maciel

Rocha

Marzochi

et al. 1996

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…A similar pattern, with slight variations was found by Albuquerque et al (1995a), studying two urban slums in Recife. The pattern of infection in women showed lower prevalence in the reproductive years as it was observed in other areas in the world (Rajagopalan et al 1989, Brabin 1990, WHO 1992.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Epidemiological study of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Northeastern Brazil

Maciel

Rocha

Marzochi

et al. 1996

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Data on human infection involved three population surveys in 1981, 1986 and 1989 where 20 µl blood smears were taken from an age stratified 5 % sample of the population [23][24][25]. Entomological measurements were taken continuously throughout this period ; resting and biting densities were determined every 2 weeks at a site in the IVM area.…”

Section: Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pondicherry, vector control was achieved by reducing the number of sites available for mosquito larval development [24,25]. The vector control simulation described here (Simulation 1) was based on the reductions in biting rate observed in Pondicherry.…”

Section: Simulation Of Treatment Programmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

EPIFIL: The development of an age-structured model for describing the transmission dynamics and control of lymphatic filariasis

et al. 2000

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SUMMARYMathematical models of transmission dynamics of infectious diseases provide a useful tool for investigating the impact of community based control measures. Previously, we used a dynamic (constant force-of-infection) model for lymphatic filariasis to describe observed patterns of infection and disease in endemic communities. In this paper, we expand the model to examine the effects of control options against filariasis by incorporating the impact of age structure of the human community and by addressing explicitly the dynamics of parasite transmission from and to the vector population. This model is tested using data for Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus in Pondicherry, South India. The results show that chemotherapy has a larger short-term impact than vector control but that the effects of vector control can last beyond the treatment period. In addition we compare rates of recrudescence for drugs with different macrofilaricidal effects.

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“…The parameters of the model were estimated using epidemiologic data collected in Pondicherry (12ЊN, 80ЊE) in southern India. Infection data are from a precontrol survey undertaken in 1981 37 with a 10% age-and area-stratified sample (n ϭ 24,677) of the entire population of Pondicherry. Microfilarial counts in a night blood smear of 20 l were measured for each individual.…”

Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epifil: a dynamic model of infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis.

Chan

Srividya²,

Norman³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The lack of a quantitative framework that describes the dynamic relationships between infection and morbidity has constrained efforts aimed at the community-level control of lymphatic filariasis. In this paper, we describe the development and validation of EPIFIL, a dynamic model of filariasis infection intensity and chronic disease. Infection dynamics are modeled using the well established immigration-death formulation, incorporating the acquisition of immunity to infective larvae over time. The dynamics of disease (lymphodema and hydrocele) are modeled as a catalytic function of a variety of factors, including worm load and the impact of immunopathological responses. The model was parameterized using age-stratified data collected from a Bancroftian filariasis endemic area in Pondicherry in southern India. The fitted parameters suggest that a relatively simple model including only acquired immunity to infection and irreversible progression to disease can satisfactorily explain the observed infection and disease patterns. Disease progression is assumed to be a consequence of worm induced damage and to occur at a high rate for hydrocele and a low rate for lymphodema. This suggests that immunopathology involvement may not be a necessary component of observed age-disease profiles. These findings support a central role for worm burden in the initiation and progression of chronic filarial disease.Lymphatic filariasis continues to be a significant source of chronic morbidity in the developing world, with more than 120 million people currently thought to be infected with either Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi, the major lymph-dwelling filariae of humans. 1,2 Despite the considerable advances in intervention options, 3 attempts to control the infection have met with variable success, partially because of inadequate understanding of the epidemiology of transmission and disease. 4,5 This gap in epidemiologic understanding stems from the intricate relationships between infection, immunity and the development of filarial disease. [3][4][5][6][7] This situation may also reflect the lack of a quantitative framework to assist understanding of the long-term effects and costs of intervention. 8 Such mathematical frameworks have played an important role in improving understanding of the epidemiology and control of other helminthiases, including intestinal nematodiases, 9-11 onchocerciasis, 12 and schistosomiasis. 13 Simple epidemiologic models, based on the catalytic models devised by Muench, 14 have been in existence for filariasis since the 1960s.15-17 These models have provided useful insights into the dynamics of filariasis in human populations, including improving the understanding of the roles of host immunity and parasite biology in the epidemiology of infection. Less work exists on the modelling of filarial disease, 5,6,18 despite the importance of morbidity models in improving understanding of the health impacts of parasite control and thus the ability to rationally evaluate different control options in s...

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Bancroftian filariasis in Pondicherry, South India: 1. Pre-control epidemiological observations

Cited by 50 publications

References 13 publications

Epidemiological study of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Northeastern Brazil

Epidemiological study of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Northeastern Brazil

EPIFIL: The development of an age-structured model for describing the transmission dynamics and control of lymphatic filariasis

Epifil: a dynamic model of infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis.

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