In the present work, photoluminescence characteristics of intrinsic and Si-doped InN nanowires were studied in details. For intrinsic InN nanowires, the emission is due to band-to-band carrier recombination with the peak energy at ∼ 0.64 eV (at 300 K), and may involve free-exciton emission at low temperatures. The PL spectra exhibit a strong dependence on optical excitation power and temperature, which can be well characterized by the presence of very low residual electron density, and the absence or negligible level of surface electron accumulation. In comparison, the emission of Si-doped InN nanowires is characterized by the presence of two distinct peaks located at ∼ 0.65 eV and ∼ 0.73 − 0.75 eV (at 300 K). Detailed studies further suggest that these low-energy and highenergy peaks can be ascribed to band-to-band carrier recombination in the relatively low-doped nanowire bulk region and Mahan exciton emission in the high-doped nanowire near-surface region, respectively; this is a natural consequence of dopants surface segregation. The resulting surface electron accumulation and Fermi-level pinning, due to the enhanced surface doping, is confirmed by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on Si-doped InN nanowires, which is in direct contrast to the absence, or negligible level of surface electron accumulation in intrinsic InN nanowires. This work has elucidated the role of charge carrier concentration and distribution on the optical properties of InN nanowires.