“…There are also microreactors (microfluidic reactors) which have been gaining research attention in the design of pollutant remediation systems in contrast to the conventional macroscale reactors (CoMRs) (Hamaloğlu et al 2017;Zhao et al 2017c;de Sá et al 2018;Yusuf et al 2018;Rashmi Pradhan et al 2019). Unlike the case of CoMRs which are impeded in their performance because of mass transfer limitations and poor photon management (Jayamohan et al 2016;Zhao et al 2017c), microfluidic reactors are characterized by the presence of a thin liquid layer on the surface of the catalyst which limits the loss of photons (Jayamohan et al 2016).…”
Section: Developments In the Design Of Photocatalytic Reactor Processesmentioning
Textile wastewaters contain refractory dyes that cause pollution and socioeconomic issues, thus calling for efficient remediation techniques such as photocatalysis. We review the fabrication, functionalization, performance and limitations of doped catalysts for degrading and mineralizing dyes. We present developments in photocatalyst immobilization and photocatalytic reactor design. Methods such as microwave irradiation, sonication and use of ionic liquids are emerging for the preparation of doped photocatalysts. Whilst single-dye systems have been extensively studied, there is limited knowledge on multipledye systems. Immobilization of photocatalysts is gaining popularity for large-scale application, but faces issues of erosion, corrosion, mechanical strength and structure integrity. Ecotoxicological studies are required in real environments to validate the potential applications of nanostructured doped photocatalysts.
“…There are also microreactors (microfluidic reactors) which have been gaining research attention in the design of pollutant remediation systems in contrast to the conventional macroscale reactors (CoMRs) (Hamaloğlu et al 2017;Zhao et al 2017c;de Sá et al 2018;Yusuf et al 2018;Rashmi Pradhan et al 2019). Unlike the case of CoMRs which are impeded in their performance because of mass transfer limitations and poor photon management (Jayamohan et al 2016;Zhao et al 2017c), microfluidic reactors are characterized by the presence of a thin liquid layer on the surface of the catalyst which limits the loss of photons (Jayamohan et al 2016).…”
Section: Developments In the Design Of Photocatalytic Reactor Processesmentioning
Textile wastewaters contain refractory dyes that cause pollution and socioeconomic issues, thus calling for efficient remediation techniques such as photocatalysis. We review the fabrication, functionalization, performance and limitations of doped catalysts for degrading and mineralizing dyes. We present developments in photocatalyst immobilization and photocatalytic reactor design. Methods such as microwave irradiation, sonication and use of ionic liquids are emerging for the preparation of doped photocatalysts. Whilst single-dye systems have been extensively studied, there is limited knowledge on multipledye systems. Immobilization of photocatalysts is gaining popularity for large-scale application, but faces issues of erosion, corrosion, mechanical strength and structure integrity. Ecotoxicological studies are required in real environments to validate the potential applications of nanostructured doped photocatalysts.
“…Only nanomaterials based photocatalyst found to be possessed such properties and hence are now considering for degradation of textile dyes proficiently. Various types of metal (Ag, Au) and metal oxide (ZnO, TiO 2 ) based nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied for utilizing as a photocatalyst for the degradation of textile dyes ( Hamaloğlu et al., 2017 ; Ahammed et al., 2020 ). Among various types nanomaterials, iron oxide nanoparticles (FO NPs) have excellent catalytic and reductive properties to be used for wastewater treatment and it has the advantage of the ease of separation as compared to the other nanomaterials requiring highly expensive centrifugation for separation ( Oliveira et al., 2002 ).…”
Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by the recently developed green approach is extremely promising because of its non-toxicity and environmentally friendly behavior. In this study, nano scaled iron oxide particles (α-Fe
2
O
3
) were synthesized from hexahydrate ferric chloride (FeCl
3
.6H
2
O) with the addition of papaya (
Carica papaya
) leaf extract under atmospheric conditions. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by systematic characterization using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX and TGA studies. The removal efficiency of remazol yellow RR dye with the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles as a photocatalyst was determined along with emphasizing on the parameters of catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Increasing the dose of iron oxide nanoparticles enhanced the decolorization of the dyes and a maximum 76.6% dye degradation was occurred at pH 2 after 6 h at a catalyst dose of 0.8 g/L. Unit removal capacity of the photocatalyst was found to be 340 mg/g at dye concentration of 70 ppm and at a catalyst dose of 0.4 g/L. The synthesized nanoparticles showed moderate antibacterial activity against
Klebsiella
spp.
, E.Coli
, Pseudomonas
spp.
, S.aureus
bacterial strains. Although the cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles against Hela, BHK-21 and Vero cell line was found to be toxic at maximum doses but it can be considered for tumor cell damage because it showed excellent activity against the Hela and BHK-21 cell lines.
“…At a flow rate of 1 μL/min zero outlet dye concentration was observed for the above-mentioned photocatalyst ( Figure 4 ). The results of that study were very encouraging to use this catalyst as pre-column or post-column in micro liquid chromatography applications for removal of coloured contaminants [ 108 ]. Figure 4.…”
Section: Applications Of Titania As Photocatalystmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Effect of flow rate on gold nanoparticle decorated titania for RB-5 dye degradation. Figure adapted from reference [ 108 ] …”
Section: Applications Of Titania As Photocatalystmentioning
Titania is considered to be one of the most versatile material in its nanoform. Scientific community looks towards it to address various pressing global problems. One such problem is aquatic pollution arising from organic chemicals such as dyes, pesticides, antibiotics etc. due to industrial, domestic and agricultural activities. Titania proves to be very effective to address this problem owing to its superior photocatalytic properties. In this review, we will review the recent advances in titania-based nanocomposites. The recent advances discussed in this review include synthesis of titania, modification of titania, exploration of various supports such as silica, carbon, graphene etc., that is documented to enhance its environmental remediation properties.
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