Barium Additives As Diesel Smoke Suppressants

Particulate Matter Associated with Vehicles on the Road. II

“…The size distribution of the vehicle-particulate mass (Table 5, Figure 6) is the same as is reported for diesels in dynamometer experiments (Frey and Corn, 1967;Turley et al, 1973;Dolan et al, 1975Dolan et al, , 1980Vuk et al, 1976;Faxvog, 1977;Verrant and Kittelson, 1977;Dolan and Kittelson, 1978;Kittelson et al, 1978a, b;Lipkea et al, 1978;Groblicki and Begeman, 1979;Hare and Baines, 1979;Kittelson and Dolan, 1979;Whitby, 1979) and on-road chase-vehicle experiments . The content of material extractable into organic solvents (Table 6) is in the range that is reported (Black and High, 1979;Huisingh et al, 1979;Dietzmann et al, 1980;Gibbs et al, 1980;Gabele et al, 1981) for diesels, as are also optical properties (Pierson and McKee, 1978;, cf.…”

“…At Allegheny in 1974, an extrapolated Ba MMED -0.1 pm was found ). Yet, and despite the constancy of the Ba emission rate since 1974 and the implication that the Ba source or sources are unchanged, the Ba particles in the 1979 Allegheny experiment are large (Table 5, Figures 6 and 7), in the 2-3 pm MMED range as reported by Turley et al (1973) for dieselexhaust Ba. Pending resolution of this matter, we ascribe vehicle-particulate Ba to the diesel fuels and to the motor oils as stated above.…”

Effects of barium fuel additive and fuel sulfur level on diesel particulate emissions

“…Limited results on the effect of Ba fuel additives on the chemical composition of diesel particulate emissions and the form of the emitted Ba indicate that 85 to 95% of the consumed Ba is emitted as particulate in the exhaust (5, 9), chiefly (>75%) as insoluble species (4-7), identified (4) as BaSCL. Some work (10), however, indicates as much as 80% of the emitted Ba is soluble in 0.1 N HC1, at least at high additive levels (7); the inference is drawn (10) that the Ba is not chiefly BaSCL. The ratio between insoluble BaSCL and Ba compounds soluble in 0.1 N HC1 (said (4) to be mostly BaCCL) in the exhaust particulate is reported to increase with increasing fuel sulfur level (6) and to decline with increasing Ba content in the fuel (6,7).…”

“…Some work (10), however, indicates as much as 80% of the emitted Ba is soluble in 0.1 N HC1, at least at high additive levels (7); the inference is drawn (10) that the Ba is not chiefly BaSCL. The ratio between insoluble BaSCL and Ba compounds soluble in 0.1 N HC1 (said (4) to be mostly BaCCL) in the exhaust particulate is reported to increase with increasing fuel sulfur level (6) and to decline with increasing Ba content in the fuel (6,7). Elemental analyses of diesel particulate generated with and without the use of a Ba/Ca fuel additive ( 9) show (a) that the additive increases the sulfur content and decreases the carbon and hydrogen content of the diesel particulate in comparison to levels found without the additive; and (b) that the emitted S042~tends to be ap-0013-936X/80/0914-1121$01.00/0 © 1980 American Chemical Society Volume 14, Number The effects of a barium fuel additive and of fuel sulfur level on diesel particulate emissions have been investigated.…”