Bark anatomy of<i>Adansonia digitata</i>L. (Malvaceae)

Kotina, Ekaterina L.; Oskolski, Alexei A.; Tilney, P.M.; Wyk, B.‐E. Van

doi:10.5252/a2017n1a3

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…2B-2D). The anatomical structure of bark in species with tensile stress is similar to that observed in Malvaceae species (Roth 1972;Kotina et al 2017;Clair et al 2019) or some extinct plants (Masselter et al 2017;Poppinga and Speck 2019), and here observed in various botanical families. Among these species we observed the presence of fibers with a G-layer in three cases (Carapa surinamensis, Supplementary data, Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure

Lehnebach

Doumerc

Clair

et al. 2020

Botany

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Recent studies have shown that the inner bark is implicated in the postural control of inclined tree stems through the interaction between wood radial growth and tangential expansion of a trellis fiber network in bark. Assessing the taxonomic extent of this mechanism requires a screening of the diversity in bark anatomy and mechanical stress. The mechanical state of bark was measured in 15 tropical tree species from various botanical families on vertical mature trees, and related to the anatomical structure of the bark. Significant tensile or compressive longitudinal stresses were observed in the stems of most species. Tensile longitudinal stress was observed in various botanical families and was always associated with fibers arranged in a trellis-like structure and strong dilatation of rays. The highest tensile stress was recorded in species with gelatinous fibers forming a treillis. Compressive stress was typically associated with a large amount of sclereids in the bark, supporting the differentiation of sclereids as a potential origin of the generation of longitudinal compressive stresses in bark. In species exhibiting both a fibrous trellis structure and a significant amount of sclereids, the sign of longitudinal stress may depend on the balance between these two mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure

Lehnebach

Doumerc

Clair

et al. 2020

Botany

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“…In contrast, the organisation of the phloem parenchyma cells results from their long life, which allows late division and enlargement of the cells. This dilation phenomenon (Angyalossy et al ., ; Kotina et al ., ) makes it possible to compensate for the increasing perimeter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical contribution of secondary phloem to postural control in trees: the bark side of the force

et al. 2018

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To grow straight, plants need a motor system that controls posture by generating forces to offset gravity. This motor function in trees was long thought to be only controlled by internal forces induced in wood. Here we provide evidence that bark is involved in the generation of mechanical stresses in several tree species. Saplings of nine tropical species were grown tilted and staked in a shadehouse and the change in curvature of the stem was measured after releasing from the pole and after removing the bark. This first experiment evidenced the contribution of bark in the up-righting movement of tree stems. Combined mechanical measurements of released strains on adult trees and microstructural observations in both transverse and longitudinal/tangential plane enabled us to identify the mechanism responsible for the development of asymmetric mechanical stress in the bark of stems of these species. This mechanism does not result from cell wall maturation like in wood, or from the direct action of turgor pressure like in unlignified organs, but is the consequence of the interaction between wood radial pressure and a smartly organized trellis structure in the inner bark.

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“…For example, chloroplasts have been recorded in the secondary xylem rays or pith of small diameter stems at depths of 1500–5000 μm [ 6 , 34 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 49 ]. Far fewer studies have been made of larger diameter material ( Table 1 ), with most studies indicating that the chloroplasts were in a thin band, usually 100–350 μm in depth [ 14 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 50 ]. Pilarski and Tokarz [ 17 ] investigated chloroplast distribution in both small (7 mm) and large (60 cm) diameter stems of Fagus sylvatica .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the cortex can be defined as a primary ground tissue between the epidermis and vascular bundles in a stem [ 12 ]. Thus, ‘secondary cortex’ [ 13 ] and ‘pseudo-cortex’ [ 14 ] have also been used for this zone. Rosell [ 15 , 16 ] considers that these cells are initially derived from the shoot apical meristem but then divide radially, thus are primary in origin (not derived from the vascular or cork cambia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplast Distribution in the Stems of 23 Eucalypt Species

Burrows

Connor

2020

Plants

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Small diameter branchlets and smooth barked stems and branches of most woody plants have chloroplasts. While the stems of several eucalypt species have been shown to photosynthesise, the distribution of chloroplasts has not been investigated in detail. The distribution of chloroplasts in branchlets (23 species) and larger diameter stems and branches with smooth bark (14 species) was investigated in a wide range of eucalypts (species of Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus) using fresh hand sections and a combination of bright field and fluorescence microscopy. All species had abundant stem chloroplasts. In both small and large diameter stems, the greatest concentration of chloroplasts was in a narrow band (usually 100–300 μm thick) immediately beneath the epidermis or phellem. Deeper chloroplasts were present but at a lower density due to abundant fibres and sclereids. In general, chloroplasts were found at greater depths in small diameter stems, often being present in the secondary xylem rays and the pith. The cells of the chlorenchyma band were small, rounded and densely packed, and unlike leaf mesophyll. A high density of chloroplasts was found just beneath the phellem of large diameter stems. These trees gave no external indication that green tissues were present just below the phellem. In these species, a thick phellem was not present to protect the inner living bark. Along with the chlorenchyma, the outer bark also had a high density of fibres and sclereids. These sclerenchyma cells probably disrupted a greater abundance and a more organised arrangement of the cells containing chloroplasts. This shows a possible trade-off between photosynthesis and the typical bark functions of protection and mechanical strength.

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Bark anatomy ofAdansonia digitataL. (Malvaceae)

Cited by 14 publications

References 40 publications

Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure

Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure

Mechanical contribution of secondary phloem to postural control in trees: the bark side of the force

Chloroplast Distribution in the Stems of 23 Eucalypt Species

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