Bark stripping damage to conifer plantations in relation to the abundance of sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan

Akashi, Nobuhiro; Terazawa, Kazuhiko

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.073

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A behavior index (sightings per unit effort) was then calculated of the number of times a given behavior was observed divided by the total number of samples taken per group sighting (Sorensen et a!., 1984;Akashi and Terazawa, 2005). This behavior index was calculated for all possible behavior categories, so a value of zero (no instances of that behavior during that sighting) was possible.…”

Section: Materl\ls and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Patterns of Bottlenose Dolphins in San Luis Pass, Texas

Henderson

Würsig

2007

goms

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Section: Materl\ls and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Patterns of Bottlenose Dolphins in San Luis Pass, Texas

Henderson

Würsig

2007

goms

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“…In recent decades there has been increasing recognition that deer can strongly influence forest ecosystems worldwide (Kirby 2001;Russell et al 2001;Rooney and Waller 2003;Cote et al 2004) and may cause serious damage to ecosystem functions such as biodiversity (Fuller 2001;Cote et al 2004;Bressette et al 2012) and soil conservation (Furusawa et al 2003;Mohr et al 2005;Wakahara et al 2008). In Japanese plantations, some researchers have examined damage to trees such as the browsing of branches and leaves of juvenile trees (Koizumi 2002) and bark-stripping of adult trees by sika deer (Ueda et al 2002;Jiang et al 2005;Akashi and Terazawa 2005). The decline in understory vegetation in plantations inhabited by sika deer has received little attention, because it is often attributed to be a result of inadequate management rather than deer grazing per se.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of understory vegetation over 10 years after thinning in an old-growth cedar and cypress plantation overgrazed by sika deer in eastern Japan

Tamura

Yamane

2017

For. Ecosyst.

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Response of understory vegetation over 10 years after thinning in an old-growth cedar and cypress plantation overgrazed by sika deer in eastern Japan Atsushi Tamura * and Masanobu Yamane Abstract Background: Forest management strategies such as thinning have long been used to enhance ecosystem functions, especially in plantations. Thinning in plantations with high deer density, however, may not yield a desired increase in understory vegetation because deer graze on germinating plants after thinning. Here, we examine the changes in understory vegetation after thinning in plantations that have been overgrazed by sika deer to provide insight into the effects of thinning on ecosystem functions such as soil conservation and biological diversity. Methods: We conducted our survey in the Tanzawa Mountains of eastern Japan. We surveyed the change in understory vegetation within and outside of three deer exclosures on a single slope with three levels of understory vegetation cover: sparse (1%, exclosure "US"), moderate (30%, exclosure "MM"), and dense (80%, exclosure "LD") over 10 years after a 30% thinning of an old-growth cedar and cypress plantation which was overgrazed by sika deer. Results: Understory vegetation cover, biomass and species richness increased within and outside the "US" and "MM" exclosures after thinning, and biomass was greater within than outside the exclosures at 10 years after thinning. Unpalatable species dominated both "US" and "MM" exclosures before thinning, and trees and shrubs dominated within the exclosures over time after thinning. In contrast, unpalatable, grazing-tolerant, perennial, and annual species increased outside the "US" and "MM" exclosures. No noticeable changes were observed within and outside the "LD" exclosure when compared with the "US" and "MM" exclosures. Conclusions: Our results suggest that thinning a stand by 30% based on volume resulted in an increase in understory vegetation cover mainly composed of both unpalatable and grazing-tolerant species in a plantation forest where understory vegetation is sparse or moderate and sika deer density is high. We emphasize that establishing deer exclosures or controlling deer is essential to maintaining similar understory vegetation both within and outside exclosures.

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“…Smaller trees have usually been found to suffer significantly greater incidences than larger ones, e.g. by Akashi & Terazawa (2005) for Abies sachalinens and Larix kaempferi damaged by sika deer in Japan, and by Vospernik (2006) for P. abies damaged by red deer in Austria. Vospernik found that trees of 16 cm girth were the most severely affected but also reported some previous Austrian studies that had peak damage probability at girths up to 48 cm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on bark-stripping by red deer in a Picea sitchensis forest in Western Scotland over a 35-year period

Welch

2016

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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. 2017. Observations on bark-stripping by red deer in a Picea sitchensis forest in western Scotland over a 35-year period.Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. AbstractThe impact of bark-stripping by red deer on an 1825 ha plantation of Picea sitchensis is reported.Monitoring began in 1978 with initially 6500 trees at 37 sites; by 2014 only 10 sites remained due to felling. Sites became vulnerable to bark-stripping once the trees reached 7 years age, and from then until felling at age c. 45 years incidence rates averaged 1% of the trees damaged yearly. Intense damage at a site in a year (> 2% trees damaged) was often followed by intense damage next year, but on average 53% of sites were undamaged in a year. Many trees suffered repeat wounding, which reduced final impact by c. 30% compared to the theoretical impact calculated from annual damage and damage duration. The trees bark-stripped were on average smaller than plot mean girths once these means exceeded 20 cm; this had only minor effect on final impact since bark-stripped small trees had similar mortality to undamaged small trees. Most wounds (> 90%) were small (< 180 cm 2 ) and healed quickly, so were unlikely to develop decay. Larger wounds never healed in less than 8 years, but the proportion healed increased progressively from 10 to 20 years after wounding.

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Bark stripping damage to conifer plantations in relation to the abundance of sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan

Cited by 36 publications

References 23 publications

Behavior Patterns of Bottlenose Dolphins in San Luis Pass, Texas

Behavior Patterns of Bottlenose Dolphins in San Luis Pass, Texas

Response of understory vegetation over 10 years after thinning in an old-growth cedar and cypress plantation overgrazed by sika deer in eastern Japan

Observations on bark-stripping by red deer in a Picea sitchensis forest in Western Scotland over a 35-year period

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