Bark Thickness Equations for Mixed-Conifer Forest Type in Klamath and Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Kichas, Nickolas E.; Ardis, Christopher W.; Berrill, John‐Pascal; King, Joseph P.

doi:10.1155/2016/1864039

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Bark thickness, on the other hand, increased with DBH and decreased with relative height up the stem. Bark thickness is known to increase with tree age (Cellini et al 2012;Williams et al 2007) and, consequently, with tree diameter (Chowdhury et al 2013;Nefabas and Gambiza 2007;Sonmez et al 2007;Williams et al 2007;Zeibig-Kichas et al 2016). As in this study, Williams et al (2007) found that the bark was thicker at lower portion of the stem for six South African tree species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Effects of site and tree size on wood density and bark properties of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain)

Magalhães

2021

NZJFS

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Background: Wood and bark are important renewable natural resources. Density is an important property that is used to describe wood and bark quality for a number of end uses. However, wood and bark density, bark proportion and dimensions vary with age and site, as well as among and within trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of site, diameter class, and vertical position within the stem on the density of wood and bark, bark volume, bark dry-mass and thickness of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain). Methods: The study was conducted on 93 Lemombo ironwood trees growing in Mozambique. Eight discs were sampled from each selected tree and diameter over and under bark was measured. Bark thickness, bark mass and bark density were determined along with the basic wood density of each disc. Results: The overall average whole-stem properties were estimated at: 786 kg m–3 wood density, 586 kg m–3 bark density, 19% bark volume, 19% bark dry-mass, and 9 mm bark thickness. Height level uniquely explained most of the variation in bark mass (97%), bark volume (95%) and wood density (86%). Diameter class explained most of the variation in bark density (51%) and bark thickness (51%). Site only explained a small proportion of the variation in all dependent variables. Conclusions: Overall, the patterns of variation of all wood and bark properties were highly dependent on tree diameter class and vertical position within the stem. Site differences were not a significant source of variation in the properties studied. Improved knowledge of the wood and bark properties of this species will aid its sustainable management and utilisation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Effects of site and tree size on wood density and bark properties of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain)

Magalhães

2021

NZJFS

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“…After including these influential tree variables in the BT regressions, other factors explaining additional variation in BT included genotype, stand structure (BT ranked even-aged < multiaged), and geographic region (BT ranked north < central < southern regions). The regional variation in BT has also been detected among Sierra Nevada conifers throughout California [12] but not white spruce (Picea glauca) across Alaska [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The strong correlation between tree size and BT signals potential to increase BT by thinning to enhance the tree diameter growth. However, there is some evidence that slower growing trees have a thicker bark relative to their diameter, suggesting that BT is also dependent on tree age [12]. Site quality and soil fertility may influence BT directly, or indirectly by affecting the tree growth rates [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bark Thickness in Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl.) Varies According to Tree- and Crown Size, Stand Structure, Latitude and Genotype

Berrill

O’Hara

Kichas

2020

Forests

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Research Highlights: Bark thickness (BT) in coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl.) varies in accordance with tree size, crown ratio, position within the canopy, height along the tree stem, genetic identity and latitude. However, current BT predictive equations do not account for such variability, leading to inaccurate BT estimations. We present improved BT models to increase the accuracy of BT estimates for coastal redwood in northern California. Background and Objectives: BT is an important metric that has many practical applications in forest management. However, BT varies substantially across species and environments, as well as across individuals and populations. Our objectives were to investigate BT along various gradients of change, with factors accounting for genetics, tapering of BT along the tree bole, differences in BT according to tree crown position within the stand, and the latitude. Materials and Methods: We collected BT data throughout most of redwood’s natural range along a north–south latitudinal gradient. Subsets of these data were used to examine the influence of particular variables on BT while holding the other variables constant. Results: Regionally, the bark was thicker among more xeric southern redwoods and thinner among more mesic northern redwoods. We found that the BT of codominant, intermediate and suppressed trees was around 8%, 14%, and 18% thicker, respectively, than bark of the same size dominant tree. Redwood trees growing in the partial shade of an overstory had thicker bark than trees growing in even-aged stands and incorporating genetic identity yielded major improvements in the BT model estimates, suggesting that BT is under genetic control. Bark thickness decreased with increasing height along the tree stem, with notable differences in the BT above and below breast height. Conclusions: We recommend utilizing the best available BT equations (over standard ‘bark factors’) in forest science, modeling and management applications. We also recommend the adoption of our drilling method for BT measurement on larger trees due to the potential for error associated with traditional bark gauge measurements.

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“…The fire effects model documentation indicates that the relationship between DBH and bark thickness is assumed to be linear: while a common simplification, this is rarely the case, and has not been established for Oregon white oak (Jackson et al 1999). Other studies have found that these models can underpredict bark thickness, potentially leading to overestimation of mortality in fires (Zeibig-Kichas et al 2016;Kane et al 2017). Moreover, FOFEM employs a common bark thickness coefficient for all oak species, an assumption that likely adds considerable error to the model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience of Oregon white oak to reintroduction of fire

2019

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Background: Pacific Northwest USA oak woodlands and savannas are fire-resilient communities dependent on frequent, low-severity fire to maintain their structure and understory species diversity, and to prevent encroachment by fire-sensitive competitors. The re-introduction of fire into degraded ecosystems is viewed as essential to their restoration, yet can be fraught with unintended negative consequences. We examined the response of mature Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook.; Garry oak) to "first entry" woodland restoration burns following long fire-free periods. Results: Thirteen to twenty-five months post burn, topkill of oaks was minimal (3%) and mortality was rare in three prescribed burns, despite high levels (mean = 92%) of crown scorching, and irrespective of proportional duff consumption around oak bases (mean = 21%). Percentage of crown scorch volume was the strongest predictor of oak crown dieback, but response was highly variable, especially when canopy scorch was ≥80%. Comparison of our results with FOFEM (First Order Fire Effects Model), a common fire effects model, revealed high model inaccuracy, likely due to lack of a species-specific equation for prediction of Oregon white oak mortality. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that Oregon white oak is highly resistant to mortality in restoration burns, even following long fire-free intervals. Prescribed fire is not contraindicated in areas with extant mature oaks, and may promote oak regeneration via basal sprouting.

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Bark Thickness Equations for Mixed-Conifer Forest Type in Klamath and Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Cited by 23 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of site and tree size on wood density and bark properties of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain)

Effects of site and tree size on wood density and bark properties of Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii Prain)

Bark Thickness in Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl.) Varies According to Tree- and Crown Size, Stand Structure, Latitude and Genotype

Resilience of Oregon white oak to reintroduction of fire

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