Barriers to reporting hate crime: A Welsh perspective

Cuerden, Gareth; Blakemore, Brian

doi:10.1177/0032258x19855113

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…From a community perspective, it is crucial to leverage community resources to enhance understanding of minority communities. This aligns with a recent study on hate crimes, where respondents emphasized the need for better advertisement of the reporting system, victim education and increased awareness of the topic and related issues (Cuerden and Blakemore, 2020). Clearer knowledge about hate crime definitions, reporting procedures and case processes is expected to foster mutual understanding between targeted communities and various stakeholders, ultimately contributing to increased reporting and a reduction in the fear of crime (Khondaker et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American community

Sohn

Park

Lee

et al. 2023

PIJPSM

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PurposeLimited research exists on the perceptions of police within specific ethnic minority groups. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the experiences of Korean and Korean American residents in the Metro Atlanta area regarding their perceptions of cooperation with the police, particularly in relation to hate crimes, along with their perceptions of police legitimacy and other relevant factors. By focusing on this specific population, the study aims to shed light on their unique perspectives and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between ethnic minorities and law enforcement.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ sample comprised 128 Korean residents who were asked about their demographics, victimization experiences, self-rated English proficiency and police legitimacy. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the impact of police legitimacy, victimization experiences and English-speaking skills on the participants' level of cooperation with the police.FindingsPolice legitimacy and self-rated levels of English proficiency emerged as the most significant factors in predicting the level of cooperation among residents with the police. Furthermore, individuals who have experienced crime victimization in the past were more willing to cooperate with the police compared to those who have not. Additionally, men showed a higher tendency to cooperate with the police compared to women participants.Originality/valueThe findings of this study suggest important implications for the policies and strategies aimed at enhancing the relationship between the Korean American community and the police. These implications include the need for improved language support for non-English speaking community members and the importance of building trust and fostering mutual understanding to cultivate positive police-community relations. By implementing measures based on these findings, it is recommended to promote a more inclusive and effective approach to policing within the Korean American population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American community

Sohn

Park

Lee

et al. 2023

PIJPSM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the broad, it has been established that hate incidents hurt more than parallel incidents without a bias motive, thus the type of incident is not related to the severity of emotional changes in victims (Ignaski, 2001;Nel & Mitchell, 2019). In relation, Cuerden and Blackmore (2020) found that the level of emotional impact is not differentiated by the type of hate incident. Thus, the type of incident does not predict individuals' experiencing emotional consequences among this particular cohort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Emotional consequences of hate incidents: experiences of a South African cohort

Marais

Nel

Govender

2021

South African Journal of Psychology

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The consequences of hate incidents are far greater than transgressions without an underlying bias motive. The powerful emotional and psychological effect observed in victims of hate rests in the perpetrator attacking the identity or an unchangeable characteristic of a victim. Within South Africa, these effects are compounded by the country’s legacy of discrimination and oppression; thus, the potential consequences of hate victimisation within this context extend beyond the emotional. This justifies differential retributive and restorative measures following such incidents; however, legislative and policy frameworks to respond to hate victimisation are only in the beginning stages. The scarcity of empirical research on hate incidents and their consequences in South Africa renders this investigation the first of its kind. The researchers aimed to determine the demographic and situational variables that put individuals at a higher risk for experiencing emotional consequences as a result of hate victimisation. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling were used to analyse data ( n = 409, Mean Age = 31.5). Results indicate a higher vulnerability of emotional consequences if a victim is exposed to economic consequences, if the offender is known to the victim, and if the victim identifies as Black African. Sex and type of incident (hate crimes, hate speech, and intentional unfair discrimination) showed no significant relationship with emotional consequences. The results enable greater insight into victim experiences of emotional consequences and motivate prioritising psychosocial health care, targeted interventions, and relevant legislative and policy frameworks for victims and communities affected by hate incidents.

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“…Christmann and Wong (2010), for example, found that victims were less likely to report to the police when the incident was less serious, primarily because they believed they would not be taken seriously by the police (see also Williams & Tregidga, 2013). Chakraborti et al (2014) also interviewed a number of hate crime victims who indicated that they would not report their victimization to the police because of a perception that police would not take it seriously or do anything to resolve the incident (see also Cuerden & Blakemore, 2020; Lantz et al, 2019).…”

Section: Reporting Victimization To the Policementioning

confidence: 99%

Severity matters: The moderating effect of offense severity in predicting racial differences in reporting of bias and nonbias victimization to the police.

Lantz¹,

Wenger²,

Malcom³

2022

Law and Human Behavior

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Objective: Previous research has noted contradictory findings regarding race and police notification, such that Black people indicate higher levels of distrust in the police yet report victimization to the police at rates similar to or higher than others. We investigated the role of offense severity in accounting for these discrepancies. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that severity would moderate racial differences in reporting, such that Black victims would be less likely to report less severe victimization but more likely to report more severe victimization. We expected that these differences would be less pronounced for bias-motivated crime, regardless of other markers of severity. Method: We used data from the 2003-2016 National Crime Victimization Survey, including information on 21,510 victimization incidents, 1,105 of which were hate crimes. We conducted logistic regression analyses in which reporting was regressed on victim race, offense severity, hate crime status, and control variables. We also examined interactive effects to disentangle whether severity moderated racial differences in notification. Results: We observed a three-way interaction of Black victims, offense severity, and hate crime status. Specifically, for nonbias incidents, Black victims were more likely than White victims to report severe incidents, but there was no racial difference in reporting nonsevere incidents. Additionally, for nonsevere incidents, Black victims were more likely than White victims to report hate crimes, but there was no racial difference in reporting nonhate crimes. Conclusions: Offense severity plays an important role in the victim decision-making process. These patterns are different, however, by race and for hate crime victims, suggesting that people perceive hate crimes as important to report, regardless of their severity. Public Significance StatementThis study links victims' decisions to notify the police to the broader context of race relations in the United States, finding that racial differences in reporting behavior vary according to differences in offense severity. The patterns we observed suggest the importance of encouraging the reporting of less severe victimization, while also indicating the need to engage with concerns regarding police legitimacy and the potential for poor treatment by police.

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Barriers to reporting hate crime: A Welsh perspective

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American community

Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American community

Emotional consequences of hate incidents: experiences of a South African cohort

Severity matters: The moderating effect of offense severity in predicting racial differences in reporting of bias and nonbias victimization to the police.

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