Barriers to the Adoption of Alley Cropping as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice: Lessons from Maize Cultivation among the Maya in Southern Belize

Abstract

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is proposed as a necessity, as the agricultural sector will need to adapt to resist future climatic change, to which high emissions from the sector contribute significantly. This study, which is an exploratory case study based on qualitative interviews and field observations, investigates the barriers to making a CSA-adjustment in maize production among Maya communities in southern Belize. The adjustment is alley cropping, which is a low-input adjustment that has the potential to result in both adaptation and mitigation benefits, and furthermore, to enhance food security. The findings show that a CSA-adjustment in small-scale maize production in Maya villages in southern Belize is possible in principle, though several barriers can make the overall climate-smart objective difficult to implement in practice. The barriers are of a proximate and indirect nature, exist at different spatial scales, and involve various levels of governance. The barriers are shown to be land tenure, market access, and changes in the traditional culture, however, these barriers are not homogenous across the villages in the region. To break down the barriers an overall district-level strategy is possible, but the toolbox should contain a wide variety of approaches. These could happen, for instance, through alterations to land tenure and the land taxation system nationally, enhancement of the agricultural extension system to ease access to knowledge and input at the district level, and support to a less complex governance structure at the village level.

Climate change adaptation and mitigation in agriculture: a review of the evidence for synergies and tradeoffs

“…The empirical studies we reviewed described the potentially large role of the environmental and management context in affecting adaptation and mitigation outcomes-and thus the capacity of a practice to provide synergistic outcomes. For example, studies that empirically assessed adaptation and mitigation outcomes found that GHG emissions could be higher if some 'climate-smart' agricultural practices, like alley cropping [62] or intermittent drainage [61], were not implemented appropriately e.g. were applied in less favourable environmental or management contexts.…”

A Planetary Perspective of Earth Systems Sustainability: Reframing Climate Change Implications from Agricultural Adaptations in Maya Milpa Farming Communities in Belize

“…Examples of CSA practices already proposed or being practiced on a small-scale in southern Belize include mulching and soil nutrient enrichment. Adopting CSA in Belize practices can enhance small farmers' adaptation to climate change and sustainably mitigate climate change impacts and support food security under a changing climate (FAO, 2013;Hellin & Fisher, 2019;Kongsager, 2017;Mugambiwa & Tirivangasi, 2017).…”

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies of Agriculture in Mediterranean-Climate Regions (MCRs)

“…Hence, public policies should not only provide specific individual incentives to adaptation, but also provide incentives to construct networks, systems of innovation and institutional arrangements that aim to create a favorable environment. It has been acknowledged that the ability of society to confront CC and reduce the vulnerability of agro-socio-economic systems will depend on the adaptive capacity of its stakeholders, as politics are embedded in a society facing environmental challenges [126,127,[144][145][146].…”