Barriers to the development and progress of entrepreneurship in rural Pakistan

Abstract

Purpose-Focusing on entrepreneurs' experiences inhibiting them from launching a business-at the micro level-the objective of this empirical study is to identify issues that limit rural entrepreneurship in Pakistan. To identify the cultural, social, economic and religious traditions and settings that discourage entrepreneurship thus hindering economic development. Design/methodology/approach-An ethnographic approach is used to obtain a picture of current problems and perspectives of rural inhabitants. Members of 84 families were interviewed. Findings-Religious, socioeconomic and structural forces play a significant role in suppressing social capital, limiting cultural capital and stifling entrepreneurial spirit in rural areas of Pakistan, explaining the low level of entrepreneurship in these areas. Social and cultural capital require a specific socioeconomic context for entrepreneurship to thrive. Originality/value-This study examines the determinants of very low levels of entrepreneurship in rural settings in the agro-based regions of interior Sindh, Pakistan; this contributes to the gap of understanding the context of rural entrepreneurs in agro

Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurs’ Success; A study of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Emerging Market of Pakistan

“…Results of the current study reveal that internal factors including self-con dence, risk aversion and need for achievement, and external factors including economic and socio-cultural factors have a positive and signi cant impact on women entrepreneurs' success in Pakistan. So, our ndings support the previous studies results in both of developed and developing economies such as (Azmi, 2017;Rani and Hashim 2017;Muhammad, McElwee, and Dana, 2017) suggested that women entrepreneurs internal behavior self-con dence and motivational force enhance the competitive advantage, these capabilities help them to become a successful women entrepreneur. On the other hand, some other researchers (Muhammad, McElwee, and Dana, 2017;Hasan and Almubarak, 2016) have shown that external factors also in uence women entrepreneurs' success, While, our study is different from developed economies nding because they (Bastian, Sidani, & El Amine, 2018;Laudano, et al, 2018) suggested that these factors cannot signi cantly enhance women entrepreneurs' success.…”

“…Therefore, past studies scrutinized that family support, self-con dence and motivation (Azmi, 2017), risktaking and motivation (Rani and Hashim 2017), lack of business skills (Muhammad, McElwee, and Dana, 2017) plays a very important role in women employee performance. While, government policies, access to nance, culture and regulation (Muhammad, McElwee, and Dana, 2017) signi cantly affect women-run enterprises' success. As (Modarresi et al, 2016) nding suggest that employee's behaviors, culture, economic and environmental factors signi cantly affect rm performance.…”

Cross-Country Differences in Entrepreneurial Internationalization Tendencies: Evidence from Germany and Pakistan

“…We assume that German entrepreneurs within their TEA stage first tend to grow locally and might venture abroad in later stages after having had exploited local opportunities. However, the fact that Pakistan is a developing and politically fragile state impacts entrepreneurial growth opportunities within the country (Muhammad et al 2017;Nishat and Nadeem 2016), pushing Pakistani entrepreneurs to seek knowledge and markets abroad due to the limited opportunities and resources their own country provides . Along with Gaffney et al (2014) we conclude, that Pakistani entrepreneurs have a higher need for a GM, in particular international behavior, to be competitive.…”

Barriers to rural women entrepreneurs in Oman

“…Civil society plays an important role in influencing levels of entrepreneurship (Dana, 2009) as all societies have different levels of entrepreneurial behaviour linked to cultural norms and expectations. It is difficult to behave entrepreneurially if it goes against the established practices or social values of a community (Muhammed et al, 2017). Gaining the support of family is often crucial to entrepreneurial success, and the absence of such support can inhibit women's ambitions (Ronning and Ljunggren, 2007).…”