Basal ganglia and movement disorders: an update

Chesselet, Marie‐Françoise; Delfs, Jill M.

doi:10.1016/0166-2236(96)10052-7

Cited by 240 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…For example, losses of certain cognitive functions, in both aging and in Alzheimer's disease, involve the cerebral cortex, cortical inputs to the hippocampus, and the hippocampus proper (Hyman et al, 1984;Hof et al, 1990;Geinisman et al, 1995;Morrison and Hof, 1997). On the other hand, losses of psychomotor function have been linked to alterations in the striatum (Joseph and Roth, 1988;Chesselet and Delfs, 1996;Volkow et al, 1998) and cerebellum Uecker et al, 2000). Results of this study indicate that the level of oxidative stress is increased markedly with age in these disease-vulnerable regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Effects of age and caloric intake on glutathione redox state in different brain regions of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice

2007

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The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether specific regions of the mouse brain exhibit different age-related changes in oxidative stress, as indicated by glutathione redox state and the level of protein-glutathionyl mixed disulfides. Comparison of 3-and 21-month-old mice indicated an age-related decrease in the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) as well as a prooxidizing shift in the calculated redox potential (ranging from 6 to 15 mV) in the cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum, whereas there was little change in the brainstem. This pro-oxidizing shift in redox state was due to a modest decrease in GSH content occurring in all the brain regions examined, and elevations in GSSG amount that were most pronounced in the striatum and cerebellum. The regional changes in glutathione redox state were paralleled by increases in the amounts of protein-mixed disulfides. A reduction of caloric intake by 40% for a short period (7 weeks), implemented in relatively old mice (17 months), increased the GSH:GSSG ratio and redox potential at 19 months in the same brain regions that exhibited age-related decreases. The effects of age and caloric restriction were qualitatively similar in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. However, young DBA/2 mice, which do not show extension of life span in response to long-term caloric restriction, had lower GSH:GSSG ratios and higher protein-mixed disulfides than age-matched C57BL/6 mice. The current findings demonstrate that oxidative stress, as reflected by glutathione redox state, increases in the aging brain in regions linked to age-associated losses of function and neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Effects of age and caloric intake on glutathione redox state in different brain regions of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice

2007

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“…Such differential control by the motor cortex over indirect pathway striatal neurons is of great potential clinical interest, because many therapeutic approaches to basal ganglia disorders involve selective manipulation of the direct and indirect pathways (Chesselet and Delfs, 1996;Graybiel, 1996, and references therein). Our results and those of Parthasarathy and Graybiel (1997) provide the first evidence for a functional difference in cortical control of the direct and indirect pathways.…”

Section: Differential Control Of the Direct And Indirect Pathways By mentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Release of GABAergic Inhibition in the Motor Cortex Induces Immediate-Early Gene Expression in Indirect Pathway Neurons of the Striatum

1997

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The neocortex is thought to exert a powerful influence over the functions of the basal ganglia via its projection to the striatum. It is not known, however, whether corticostriatal effects are similar across different types of striatal projection neurons and interneurons or are unique for cells having different functions within striatal networks. To examine this question, we developed a method for focal synchronous activation of the primary motor cortex (MI) of freely moving rats by local release of GABAergic inhibition. With this method, we monitored cortically evoked activation of two immediate-early gene protein products, c-Fos and JunB, in phenotypically identified striatal neurons. We further studied the influence of glutamate receptor antagonists on the stimulated expression of c-Fos, JunB, FosB, and NGFI-A.Local disinhibition of MI elicited remarkably selective induction of c-Fos and JunB in enkephalinergic projection neurons. These indirect pathway neurons, through their projections to the globus pallidus, can inhibit thalamocortical motor circuits. The dynorphincontaining projection neurons of the direct pathway, with opposite effects on the thalamocortical circuits, showed very little induction of c-Fos or JunB. The gene response of striatal interneurons was also highly selective, affecting principally parvalbumin-and NADPH diaphorase-expressing interneurons. The glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 strongly reduced the cortically evoked striatal gene expression in all cell types for each gene examined. Because the gene induction that we found followed known corticostriatal somatotopy, was dose-dependent, and was selectively sensitive to glutamate receptor antagonists, we suggest that the differential activation patterns reflect functional specialization of cortical inputs to the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia and functional plasticity within these circuits.Key words: immediate-early genes; neural plasticity; basal ganglia; striatum; motor cortex; corticostriatal; coherent activation; picrotoxin; GABA-A; enkephalin; dynorphin; rat A broad range of experimental evidence implicates the basal ganglia in functions related to procedural learning, context-dependent motor control, and reward-related behavior (Apicella et al., 1992;Robbins and Everitt, 1992;Graybiel et al., 1994;Graybiel, 1995;Hikosaka et al., 1995;Houk et al., 1995;Schultz, 1995;Knowlton et al., 1996). These functions share the property of requiring both rapid and long-term plasticity of neural connections and synaptic efficacies. Electrophysiological and biochemical findings support the view that the glutamatergic cortico-basal ganglia pathways exhibit such plasticity. Both long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) have been demonstrated in the striatum after cortical stimulation (for review, see Calabresi et al., 1996). Immediate-early genes, considered potential indicators of neuronal activity capable of producing long-term alterations in neuronal properties, also have been shown to be induced in t...

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“…Previously, the indirect pathway was thought to consist of a striatal-GPe-STN-GPi pathway (DeLong & Wichmann, 1993). More recently, many lines of evidence have suggested a reinterpretation of the indirect pathway (Chesselet & Delfs, 1996), though no consensus has been reached (Chesselet & Delfs, 1996;Wichmann & DeLong, 1996;Joel & Weiner, 1997). Several key data stand out, however.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How laminar frontal cortex and basal ganglia circuits interact to control planned and reactive saccades

Brown

Bullock

Grossberg³

2004

Neural Networks

248

281

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Basal ganglia and movement disorders: an update

Cited by 240 publications

References 53 publications

Effects of age and caloric intake on glutathione redox state in different brain regions of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice

Effects of age and caloric intake on glutathione redox state in different brain regions of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice

Local Release of GABAergic Inhibition in the Motor Cortex Induces Immediate-Early Gene Expression in Indirect Pathway Neurons of the Striatum

How laminar frontal cortex and basal ganglia circuits interact to control planned and reactive saccades

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