Baseband Feedback for Frequency-Domain-Multiplexed Readout of TES X-ray Detectors

Hartog, R. den; Boersma, D.; Bruijn, M. P.; Dirks, B.; Gottardi, L.; Hoevers, H.; Hou, Rui; Kiviranta, Mikko; Korte, P. de; Kuur, J. van der; Leeuwen, B. J. van; Nieuwenhuizen, A. C. T.; Popescu, M. D.

doi:10.1063/1.3292328

Cited by 28 publications

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“…In a BBFB system with multiple carriers on a regular grid the gain-bandwidth product (GBW) is limited by the carrier separation Δf to GBW = Δf /2π [25]. Taking a Δf = 100 kHz, this implies a GBW of ~16 kHz.…”

Section: Squid + Lnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements for the detectors and read-out of ATHENA X-IFU

et al. 2014

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The detector system of the X-Ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), one of the two ATHENA focal plane instruments will be an ambitious step forward in the field of astronomical X-ray detection. We describe its baseline configuration, consisting of 3840 Transition Edge Sensors (TES) microcalorimeters with an energy resolution of 2.5 eV FWHM, spanning a 5 arcminute field-of-view and allowing an imaging resolution of 5 arcsec. The detectors are read out in 96 channels of 40 pixels each, using frequency domain multiplexing (FDM). Each channel contains a dual-stage SQUID pre-amplifier and a low-noise amplifier (LNA). In order to enhance the dynamic range of the SQUIDs a specific technique, baseband feedback (BBFB), is applied. The generation of the carrier and feedback signals, and the signal processing are done in the digital domain. We review the requirements for the main elements of this system, needed to ensure the high performance of the detector system. From the resolution requirements for the detectors follows a budget for contributions to the energy resolution on top of the intrinsic detector resolution. This budget forms the basis for the assessment of the dynamic range requirements for the SQUID and the LNA and the DACs and the ADC. Requirements are also derived for the levels of crosstalk and non-linearity in the readout chain.

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Section: Squid + Lnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements for the detectors and read-out of ATHENA X-IFU

et al. 2014

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“…The bias capacitor C bias is chosen such that C/C bias = 25. Base-band feedback (BBFB) is used to increase the linearity and dynamic range of the SQUIDs 31 . A more detailed explanation of the FDM readout is given by Akamatsu et al [32][33][34] .…”

Section: B Fdm Readout and Cryogenic Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

High aspect ratio transition edge sensors for x-ray spectrometry

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Gottardi

Taralli

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Physics

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We are developing large TES arrays in combination with FDM readout for the next generation of X-ray space observatories. For operation under AC-bias, the TESs have to be carefully designed and optimized. In particular, the use of high aspect ratio devices will help to mitigate non-ideal behaviour due to the weak-link effect. In this paper, we present a full characterization of a TES array containing five different device geometries, with aspect ratios (width:length) ranging from 1:2 up to 1:6. The complex impedance of all geometries is measured in different bias configurations to study the evolution of the small-signal limit superconducting transition parameters α and β , as well as the excess noise. We show that high aspect ratio devices with properly tuned critical temperatures (around 90 mK) can achieve excellent energy resolution, with an array average of 2.03 ± 0.17 eV at 5.9 keV and a best achieved resolution of 1.63 ± 0.17 eV. This demonstrates that AC-biased TESs can achieve a very competitive performance compared to DC-biased TESs. The results have motivated a push to even more extreme device geometries currently in development.

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“…This implies that for a given nonlinear transfer function of a component in a system, the impact on the nonlinearity can be minimised by minimising the amplitude of the transferred signals. This approach is applied to counter the effects on nonlinearity of the SQUIDs and of the LNA, by using baseband feedback [5,6] to null the stationary carriers and the superimposed timedependent carrier modulation in the forward path of the baseband feedback loops. This method cannot be applied for the generation of the carriers and the carrier nulling signals, as the full amplitudes are unavoidable to generate the required bias power for the detectors, and to null the resulting carriers at the input of the SQUID.…”

Section: Impact Of Nonlinearity On Fdmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Tuning of the Resonance Frequencies of LC Bandpass Filters for Frequency Domain Multiplexed Readout of TES Detector Arrays

et al. 2018

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Efficient use of the available frequency space for frequency domain multiplexing is essential for space-based TES detector applications such as the X-IFU instrument on the Athena X-ray telescope. For cross talk reasons, there exists a lower limit on the distance between neighbouring pixels in frequency space, so that accurate control of the resonance frequency helps to use the available frequency space. Independently, from the point of view of efficient sinusoidal bias voltage generation, placing the frequencies on a grid with a fixed spacing helps to avoid the effects of nonlinearity on the detector performance. Inevitable tolerances in the lithographic production of LC bandpass filters and margins in the design of stray inductances limit the relative accuracy of the resonance frequencies to a few times 10 −3. In this paper we will propose a new method which uses the active SQUID readout electronics at room temperature to further fine-tune the resonance frequencies of the LC filters beyond the manufacturing limitations.

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Baseband Feedback for Frequency-Domain-Multiplexed Readout of TES X-ray Detectors

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Requirements for the detectors and read-out of ATHENA X-IFU

Requirements for the detectors and read-out of ATHENA X-IFU

High aspect ratio transition edge sensors for x-ray spectrometry

Active Tuning of the Resonance Frequencies of LC Bandpass Filters for Frequency Domain Multiplexed Readout of TES Detector Arrays

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