Basic Concepts of Iron and Steel Making

Dutta, Sujay Kumar; Chokshi, Yakshil B.

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2437-0

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The overall process route was followed as: blast furnace (BF)→electric arc furnace (EAF)/energy optimizing furnace→ladle refining furnace (LRF)→vacuum degassing (VD)→continuous casting process in billets→reheating of as-cast billets in reheating furnace→rolling into wire rods. 15 The input materials in BF consisted of sinters (∼60%-65%), pellets (∼15%-20%), and the rest as metallurgical coke, coal, and fluxes (lime, fluorspar, and dolomite). The output from the BF was hot metal (liquid pig iron).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of optimum condition to improve the microstructure in hot-rolled medium carbon steel by elimination of coarse pearlite patches

Mishra¹,

Kayal²

2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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The present study is aimed to eliminate the undesirable microstructure in the real working condition of the steel unit. In this work, the microstructure of hot-rolled medium carbon steel (grade 45C8) is studied for application in the automotive industry. The effect of the temperature and rolling rate on the microstructure has been thoroughly investigated by analyzing the microstructure containing ferrite and pearlite phases after each trial run of hot-rolled steel. The desired microstructure of fine ferrite and pearlite is very much essential in hot-rolled medium carbon steel for better strength and uniform properties of the material. The formation of coarse pearlite is undesirable, which may lead to breakage during drawing and hardness variation in the hot-rolled steel. Therefore, this study is focused to find the optimum condition for achieving the microstructure containing uniform distribution of fine pearlite and ferrite without the presence of blocky pearlite patches.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of optimum condition to improve the microstructure in hot-rolled medium carbon steel by elimination of coarse pearlite patches

Mishra¹,

Kayal²

2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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“…A converter with a diameter ( D ) of 6.7 m was considered [ 33 ]. After the start of the oxygen blowing, several cavities at impact zones can be formed on the surface of the bath, as seen in Figure 5 b.…”

Section: Evaporation Of As and Sn From Liquid Iron During The Top-blo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The input parameters used for the calculation were taken from literature [ 21 , 27 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] and are listed in Table 2 . The lance height

was taken from Cicutti et al [ 27 , 32 ], as shown in Figure 7 a.…”

Section: Evaporation Of As and Sn From Liquid Iron During The Top-blo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation of As and Sn from Liquid Iron: Experiments and a Kinetic Model during Top-Blown Oxygen Steelmaking Process

Kim

Park

et al. 2022

Materials

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Evaporation kinetics of tramp elements (M = As and Sn) in liquid iron were investigated by high-temperature gas–liquid reaction experiments and a phenomenological kinetic model. Residual content of As or Sn in the liquid iron ([pct M]) during the evaporation was measured in the temperature range of 1680 °C to 1760 °C. [pct As] and [pct Sn] decreased faster as the reaction temperature and [pct C]0 increased. Assuming first-order reaction kinetics, the apparent rate constants (kM) were obtained at each reaction temperature and [pct C]0. [pct M] in a liquid iron during the top-blown oxygen steelmaking process was simulated, with an emphasis on enlarging the reaction surface area by forming a large number of liquid iron droplets. The surface area and the droplet generation rate were obtained based on the oxygen-blowing condition. The whole surface area increased up to ∼163 times the initial liquid iron (bath) surface area, due to the generation of the droplets. Using the kM obtained in the present study, the evaporation of M during the top-blown oxygen steelmaking process for 200 tonnes of liquid iron was simulated. For a condition of [pct M]0 = 0.005 (M = As and Sn), As and Sn could be removed from the liquid iron, which was seen to be much improved by the consideration of the droplet generation. However, additional actions are required to improve the evaporation rate, as the evaporation rate in the BOF process was not fast enough to be practically considered.

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“…Table 2 shows the distribution and type of refractory lining in the different sections / zones of a blast furnace. [5].…”

Section: Blast Furnacementioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Blast Furnace Throughput Based on Hearth Refractory Lining and Shell Thickness

Ossia

Shedrack

2021

JCME

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Computational analyses were performed to optimize the furnace throughput, steel shell and lining thickness of a blast furnace. The computations were done for measured parameters within the hearth region as this is the vital zone of the furnace with high temperature fluctuations, molten iron, and slag production. The lining materials were namely 62% high alumina (A), carbon composite (B), silicon carbide (C) and graphite bricks (D) with thermal conductivities 2, 12, 120 and 135 W/(m∙K), respectively. It was observed that by varying the refractory lining thickness from 0.2–0.35 m, and furnace inside temperatures from 1873–2073 K, certain optimal conditions could be specified for the furnace under consideration. Silicon carbide and graphite brick linings which have higher thermal conductivities, melting points, good chemical and mechanical wear resistance were observed to be the best hearth lining materials. Due to the high thermal conductivities of these two materials, the hot face temperature levels of the lining materials would be lowered. Amongst the four lining materials employed, silicon carbide and graphite bricks when used with lining cooling systems could optimize the blast furnace for better performance, production, and longer campaigns.

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Basic Concepts of Iron and Steel Making

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of optimum condition to improve the microstructure in hot-rolled medium carbon steel by elimination of coarse pearlite patches

Evaluation of optimum condition to improve the microstructure in hot-rolled medium carbon steel by elimination of coarse pearlite patches

Evaporation of As and Sn from Liquid Iron: Experiments and a Kinetic Model during Top-Blown Oxygen Steelmaking Process

Optimization of Blast Furnace Throughput Based on Hearth Refractory Lining and Shell Thickness

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