Basics of Acupuncture

Stux, Gabriel; Pomeranz, Bruce

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85496-5

Cited by 47 publications

(91 citation statements)

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“…One suggests that the insertion of acupuncture needles stimulates the release of endorphins. 43 Pain above the level of injury may respond better because the pathway to the central nervous system is still intact. This hypothesis might also explain why participants with incomplete injuries appear to do better than those with complete ones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is acupuncture effective in treating chronic pain after spinal cord injury?

Nayak

Shiflett

Schoenberger

et al. 2001

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is acupuncture effective in treating chronic pain after spinal cord injury?

Nayak

Shiflett

Schoenberger

et al. 2001

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

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“…Acupuncture needles were inserted into non‐acupoints apart from one‐fifth of the proximal region of the tail to avoid the two tail acupoints. Location of stimulated acupoints was anatomically those corresponding to acupoints in acupuncture atlases of man (Stux & Pomeranz ) and animal (Schoen ) and clinical indications of the acupoints referred to a cited literature (Stux & Pomeranz ). We also controlled for generalized effects of immobilized stress with rats lightly restrained by hands as the same method of each acupuncture treatment without insertion of needles.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acupuncture reduces relapse to cocaine‐seeking behavior via activation of GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area

et al. 2017

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There is growing public interest in alternative approaches to addiction treatment and scientific interest in elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of acupuncture. Our previous studies showed that acupuncture at a specific Shenmen (HT7) points reduced dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) induced by drugs of abuse. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of HT7 acupuncture on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Using microdialysis and in vivo single-unit electrophysiology, we evaluated the effects of HT7 acupuncture on VTA GABA and NAc DA release and VTA GABA neuronal activity in rats. Using a within-session reinstatement paradigm in rats self-administering cocaine, we evaluated the effects of HT7 stimulation on cocaine-primed reinstatement. Acupuncture at HT7 significantly reduced cocaine suppression of GABA release and GABA neuron firing rates in the VTA. HT7 acupuncture attenuated cocaineprimed reinstatement, which was blocked by VTA infusions of the selective GABA B receptor antagonist 2-hydroxysaclofen. HT7 stimulation significantly decreased acute cocaine-induced DA release in the NAc, which was also blocked by 2-hydroxysaclofen. HT7 acupuncture also attenuated cocaine-induced sensitization of extracellular DA levels in the NAc. Moreover, HT7 acupuncture reduced both locomotor activity and neuronal activation in the NAc induced by acute cocaine in a needle-penetration depth-dependent fashion. These results suggest that acupuncture may suppress cocaine-induced DA release in the NAc and cocaine-seeking behavior through activation of VTA GABA neurons. Acupuncture may be an effective therapy to reduce cocaine relapse by enhancing GABAergic inhibition in the VTA.

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“…The anatomical location of acupuncture points stimulated in rats corresponded to the acupoints in man as described previously (Stux et al., 2003) and in animal acupuncture atlas (Schoen, 2001). HT7 is located on the transverse crease of the wrist of the forepaw, radial to the tendon of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acupuncture Inhibits GABA Neuron Activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Reduces Ethanol Self‐Administration

Yang

Yoon

Hansen

et al. 2010

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background Withdrawal from chronic ethanol enhances ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA neuron excitability and reduces mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, which is suppressed by acupuncture at Shenmen (HT7) points (Zhao et al., 2006). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HT7 acupuncture on VTA GABA neuron excitability, ethanol inhibition of VTA GABA neuron firing rate, and ethanol self-administration. A role for opioid receptors (ORs) in ethanol and acupuncture effects is also explored. Methods Using electrophysiological methods in mature rats, we evaluated the effects of HT7 stimulation and opioid antagonists on VTA GABA neuron firing rate. Using behavioral paradigms in rats, we evaluated the effects of HT7 stimulation and opioid antagonists on ethanol self-administration using a modification of the sucrose fading procedure. Results HT7 stimulation produced a biphasic modulation of VTA GABA neuron firing rate characterized by transient enhancement followed by inhibition and subsequent recovery in 5 min. HT7 inhibition of VTA GABA neuron firing rate was blocked by systemic administration of the non-selective μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist naloxone. HT7 stimulation significantly reduced ethanol suppression of VTA GABA neuron firing rate, which was also blocked by naloxone. HT7 acupuncture reduced ethanol self-administration without affecting sucrose consumption. Systemic administration of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist naltrindole blocked ethanol suppression of VTA GABA neuron firing rate and significantly reduced ethanol self-administration without affecting sucrose consumption. Conclusions These findings suggest that DOR-mediated opioid modulation of VTA GABA neurons may mediate acupuncture’s role in modulating mesolimbic DA release and suppressing the reinforcing effects of ethanol.

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Basics of Acupuncture

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Is acupuncture effective in treating chronic pain after spinal cord injury?

Is acupuncture effective in treating chronic pain after spinal cord injury?

Acupuncture reduces relapse to cocaine‐seeking behavior via activation of GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area

Acupuncture Inhibits GABA Neuron Activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Reduces Ethanol Self‐Administration

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