Batch‐injection Analysis Better than ever: New Materials for Improved Electrochemical Detection and On‐site Applications

Abstract

Since the development of batch‐injection analysis (BIA) in 1990, the technique has been constantly upgraded, especially for electrochemical systems, including the creation of novel cell designs and association with new accessories to cover a wide range of applications. BIA systems have provided faster, portable, and more precise analyses. In addition, application of new materials as working electrodes provide improvement on sensitivity and selectivity, resulting in unique advantages for such analytical systems. This review focuses on the most recent advances of BIA systems, including the evolution of designs and materials used to construct BIA cells, with special emphasis to novel materials applied for improved electrochemical sensing. Modified electrodes with inorganic and organic nanomaterials on different substrates, including disposable platforms (screen‐printed electrodes and paper‐based devices) are highlighted. Boron‐doped diamond electrodes (BDDE), carbon‐nanotube and graphene‐modified electrodes have been combined with BIA systems for a wide range of applications that demand on‐site analyses.

3D‐printed Portable Platform for Mechanized Handling and Injection of Microvolumes Coupled to Electrochemical Detection

“…The performance of wall‐jet electrochemical detectors is highly dependent on parameters such as tip‐electrode distance, dispensing rate (“flow rate”) and injection volume . Figure shows successive and alternating injections of two solutions with different concentrations of the model analyte paracetamol (10 and 50 μmol L −1 ) using the 3D‐printing syringe pump (Figure A and B) for volume and dispensing rate controls.…”

“…One of the great advantages of flow injection analysis (FIA) and sequential injection analysis (SIA) systems over batch injection analysis (BIA) is related to solution handling operations (dilutions, sample and reagent mixing, and precise control of reaction times). The 3D‐printed system has an injection procedure similar to BIA systems ; however, solution handling conditions can be easily performed . As a proof of concept, the possibility of determination of the antioxidant capacity based on the percentage of DPPH scavenging was demonstrated .…”

An Overview of Recent Electroanalytical Applications Utilizing Screen‐Printed Electrodes Within Flow Systems

“…Batch-injection analysis (BIA) system was shown for the first time in 1991 by Taha and Wang [79] with its main applications being discussed in reviews published in 2004 [80] and 2018. [81] Similar to FIA, BIA systems also allow for Gaussian shapes to be obtained via the injection of small solution volumes (10 to 150 μL). However, this is possible without the use of tubes and connections (without leaks or air bubbles), pumping systems, [13] Hydrogen peroxide Hair colorant and milk CNTSPE modified with metal NPs 20 450 [14] Biotin PF SPCE modified with horseradish peroxidase 0.008 13 [15] Paracetamol Naproxen PF SPCE and MWCNTSPE 0.4 0.3 90 [16] Methimazole Human serum and PF SPCE modified with (IrOxNPs) and tyrosinase 0.004 36 [17] Paraoxon Drinking, river and lake water SPGE modified with butyrylcholinesterase and PB NPs 0.004 NR [18] Gallic acid White and red wine SPEÀ Au-SAM/AuNPs-Linker/ Fullerenols/TvL 6.5 14 [34] Chlorpyriphos-oxon Malaoxon Milk SPCE modified with acetylcholinesterase 0.000005 19 [35] Organophosphate insecticide Lake water Carbon paste SPE modified with enzyme magnetic beads 0.003 18 [36] Nimodipine PF Carbon nanofiber SPE 0.08 NR [37] Pioglitazone PF SPE modified with MWCNT -polyvinyl chloride 0.8 90 [38] Oxicam derivatives PF, plasma and urine SPE modified with MWCNT -b-cyclodextrin 0.6 240 [39] [42] 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid Urine AuSPE modified with MIPs 0.02 225 [43]…”

Batch Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection for DNA Biosensing Applications

“…Since the development of BIA, the technique has been constantly upgraded, especially for electrochemical systems, including the creation of novel cell designs to cover a wide range of applications. In addition, application of new electrode materials provides improvement on sensitivity and selectivity, resulting in unique advantages for such analytical systems [6]. Glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) [7][8][9][10][11] and boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDEs) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] were mostly used electrode materials in BIA for the determination and quantification of many compounds.…”