Battery Safety Qualifications for Human Ratings

Jeevarajan, Judith A.; Winchester, C.S.

doi:10.1149/2.f05122if

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This fact highlights the risk of using organic solvents as electrolytes in lithium‐ion batteries. Since the flashpoints EC and DEC are 145 and 23 °C, respectively, [37] any abuse, including discarding in places of high temperatures, overcharging, crushing, in combination with an oxidant and an ignition source (such as external short‐circuiting), can generate spontaneous exothermic reactions, leading to a fire or explosion [37–39] . Since the boiling points of EC and DEC are 243 and 126 °C, respectively, and these values are higher than 39 and 118 °C, we hypothesize that they are not degradation temperatures and that the peaks are associated with evaporation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Phosphonium‐based Ionic Liquids. Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Performance as Electrolytes for Silicon Anodes

et al. 2022

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Herein, we describe the synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of four phosphonium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolytes, Physicochemical properties such as viscosity, density, ionic conductivity, and thermal stability of ILs and conventional organic solvent ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) were experimentally determined at different temperatures. All ILs showed thermal stability greater than 300 °C, surpassing the stability of the conventional organic solvent, whose flash points were 145 and 23 °C for EC and DEC, respectively. Nevertheless, at room temperature, all ILs are much more viscous than EC/DEC. The composite Si ‐[P2224][FSI] (triethyl‐n‐butylphosphonium bis(fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and Si‐EC/DEC anodes exhibit initial specific capacities at 0.15 A/g of 2409 and 2631 mAh/g, respectively. This demonstrates that despite the inferior transport properties of ILs, short alkyl‐substituted phosphonium ILs like [P2224][FSI] are potentially competitive for the new generation of electrolytes for LIBs. NMR, DSC, TGA, and galvanostatic discharged/charged were used as characterization techniques.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Phosphonium‐based Ionic Liquids. Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Performance as Electrolytes for Silicon Anodes

et al. 2022

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“…SAE J2464, SAE J2929 and UL2580, are less often quantitatively assessed for applications other than space and military [Ref. 10 and references therein].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations on the Chemical Toxicity of Contemporary Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes and Their Components

Lebedeva

Boon-Brett

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

115

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The objective of this study is to evaluate chemical hazards and risks associated with the accidental release of Li-ion battery electrolyte into an enclosed space. Because of the high volatility and reactivity of some components of contemporary Li-ion battery electrolytes this study focuses on the inhalation toxicity of released and generated gas phase components. These include evaporated solvents and HF as a decomposition product of the widely used LiPF 6 salt. Our calculations show that at room temperature a small electrolyte release can result in the formation of a toxic atmosphere with concentration of the released compound reaching an acute exposure limit where irreversible and other serious health effects are expected to occur. For most contemporary electrolyte components this corresponds to a release of less than ca. 250 ml in a volume occupied by a medium-size car with a clearance of 1 m, i.e. ca. 62 m 3 . Further research, required as part of the thorough risk analysis, is identified.

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“…Jeevarajan and Winchester (2012) describe these cell ignitions in terms of explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) mass equivalence. LiSOCl 2 battery ignitions have caused traumatic fatalities (Ducatman et al, 1988) (Conroe fire department, 2011).…”

Section: Background/literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal short circuit and accelerated rate calorimetry tests of lithium-ion cells: Considerations for methane-air intrinsic safety and explosion proof/flameproof protection methods

Dubaniewicz

DuCarme

2016

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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Researchers with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) studied the potential for lithium-ion cell thermal runaway from an internal short circuit in equipment for use in underground coal mines. In this third phase of the study, researchers compared plastic wedge crush-induced internal short circuit tests of selected lithium-ion cells within methane (CH4)-air mixtures with accelerated rate calorimetry tests of similar cells. Plastic wedge crush test results with metal oxide lithium-ion cells extracted from intrinsically safe evaluated equipment were mixed, with one cell model igniting the chamber atmosphere while another cell model did not. The two cells models exhibited different internal short circuit behaviors. A lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cell model was tolerant to crush-induced internal short circuits within CH4-air, tested under manufacturer recommended charging conditions. Accelerating rate calorimetry tests with similar cells within a nitrogen purged 353-mL chamber produced ignitions that exceeded explosion proof and flameproof enclosure minimum internal pressure design criteria. Ignition pressures within a 20-L chamber with 6.5% CH4-air were relatively low, with much larger head space volume and less adiabatic test conditions. The literature indicates that sizeable lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) primary (non rechargeable) cell ignitions can be especially violent and toxic. Because ignition of an explosive atmosphere is expected within explosion proof or flameproof enclosures, there is a need to consider the potential for an internal explosive atmosphere ignition in combination with a lithium or lithium-ion battery thermal runaway process, and the resulting effects on the enclosure.

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Battery Safety Qualifications for Human Ratings

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Four Phosphonium‐based Ionic Liquids. Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Performance as Electrolytes for Silicon Anodes

Four Phosphonium‐based Ionic Liquids. Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Performance as Electrolytes for Silicon Anodes

Considerations on the Chemical Toxicity of Contemporary Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes and Their Components

Internal short circuit and accelerated rate calorimetry tests of lithium-ion cells: Considerations for methane-air intrinsic safety and explosion proof/flameproof protection methods

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