“…PAI systems with low-cost pulsed sources have been designed in ORPAM, ARPAM, and PAT configurations with various wavelengths, resolutions, and imaging depths and have shown potentials for clinical and pre-clinical applications. For microscopic applications, in order to facilitate in vivo clinical applications, reflection mode PAM systems with high resolution and real time image acquisition are yet to be developed, an achievement that requires further investigations into improved light delivery methods, beam shaping [ 75 ], and scanning techniques. Tomography systems would also benefit from improved SNR, depth of penetration, and imaging speed as well as further clinical evaluations more thoroughly investigating the potentials of low-cost PAT systems for disease diagnosis and monitoring.…”