2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.01.004
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Photoacoustic imaging with low-cost sources; A review

Abstract: Benefitting from advantages of optical and ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has demonstrated potentials in a wide range of medical applications. In order to facilitate clinical applications of PAI and encourage its application in low-resource settings, research on low-cost photoacoustic imaging with inexpensive optical sources has gained attention. Here, we review the advances made in photoacoustic imaging with low-cost sources.

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Cited by 99 publications
(74 citation statements)
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“…PA imaging has become increasingly popular due to its deep signal penetration (ࣘ5-6 cm), high resolution (ࣙ5 µm), and decreasing instrument costs. [12][13][14][15][16] Furthermore, because the molecular contrast agents for PA imaging are optimized for non-radiative emission, many of these same materials can be utilized for PTT, allowing dual clinical functionality. [9] PTT has a potential advantage over photodynamic therapy, in that it does not require the presence of oxygen, the concentration of which may be limited in large solid tumors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…PA imaging has become increasingly popular due to its deep signal penetration (ࣘ5-6 cm), high resolution (ࣙ5 µm), and decreasing instrument costs. [12][13][14][15][16] Furthermore, because the molecular contrast agents for PA imaging are optimized for non-radiative emission, many of these same materials can be utilized for PTT, allowing dual clinical functionality. [9] PTT has a potential advantage over photodynamic therapy, in that it does not require the presence of oxygen, the concentration of which may be limited in large solid tumors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…NIR photomedicine has been broadly applied in cancer treatment and imaging through numerous modalities, including photodynamic therapy, or PDT (light excites a photoactive agent to a triplet excited state, which then directly or indirectly generates free radicals and/or reactive oxygen species); photothermal therapy, or PTT (absorbed energy is emitted as vibrational energy, i.e., heat); fluorescence imaging (energy is emitted radiatively as a photon); and photoacoustic imaging, or PA (energy is emitted as heat, which generates a detectable acoustic wave). PA imaging has become increasingly popular due to its deep signal penetration (≤5–6 cm), high resolution (≥5 µm), and decreasing instrument costs . Furthermore, because the molecular contrast agents for PA imaging are optimized for non‐radiative emission, many of these same materials can be utilized for PTT, allowing dual clinical functionality .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PAI is a high contrast, non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging modality with extensive applications in anatomical and functional imaging that has been used for diagnostics purposes and cancer studies [59,99,[113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118]]. Cost is one major factor hindering PACT’s implementation in clinical field.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, these lasers are also bulky, expensive, and delicate. Thus, recent efforts have focused on low-cost light sources such as pulsed laser diodes (PLDs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to further facilitate widespread clinical utility of PAI [15,16]. LED-based PAI imaging equipment is relatively inexpensive, compact, portable, and lightweight; these LEDs have a long life-time and good stability [17][18][19][20][21][22].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%