Beam steerable subarray with small footprint for use as building block in wall‐mounted indoor wireless infrastructure

SalarRahimi, Marzieh; Vandenbosch, Guy A. E.

doi:10.1049/iet-map.2018.6189

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This feature results in a wideband impedance bandwidth of the array antenna larger than 50% at 5.2 GHz. In contrast, other designs implemented in SIW and PRGW technologies have lower impedance bandwidths than 40%, as indicated in Table 4 [ 11 , 17 , 29 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Moreover, the BCS allows for a compact BFN of size 0.25 λ 0 × 0.25 λ 0 as well as a compact array antenna of size 0.8 λ 0 × 0.8 λ 0 , which is the most efficient design in terms of size, as shown in Table 4 .…”

Section: 2-d Scanning Array Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Broadside Coupled Stripline 2-D Beamforming Network and Its Application to a 2-D Beam Scanning Array Antenna Using Panasonic Megtron 6 Substrate

Temga,

Shiba,

Suematsu

2024

Sensors

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This article presents a 4-way 2-D butler matrix (BM)-based beamforming network (BFN) using a multilayer substrate broadside coupled stripline (BCS). To achieve the characteristics of a compact, wide-bandwidth, high-gain phased array, a BCS coupler is implemented using the Megtron 6 substrate. The compact 2-D BFN is formed by combining planarly two horizontal BCS couplers and two vertical BCS couplers. The BFN is proposed without a crossover and without a phase shifter, generating phase responses of ±90° in the x- and y-directions, respectively. The proposed BFN exhibits a wide operating band of 66.7% (3–7 GHz) and a compact physical area of just 0.25 λ0 × 0.25 λ0 × 0.04 λ0. The planar 2-D BFN is easily integrated with the patch antenna radiation elements to construct a 2-D multibeam array antenna that generates four fixed beams, one in each quadrant, at an elevation angle of 30° from the broadside to the array axis when the element separation is 0.6 λ0. The physical area of the 2-D multibeam array antenna is just 0.8 λ0 × 0.8 λ0 × 0.04 λ0. The prototypes of the BCS coupler, the 2-D BFN, and the 2-D multibeam array antenna were fabricated and measured. The measured and simulated results were in good agreement. A gain of 9.1 to 9.9 dBi was measured.

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Section: 2-d Scanning Array Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Broadside Coupled Stripline 2-D Beamforming Network and Its Application to a 2-D Beam Scanning Array Antenna Using Panasonic Megtron 6 Substrate

Temga,

Shiba,

Suematsu

2024

Sensors

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“…The bandwidth of the proposed BM was improved by inserting via hole to wide-band phase-shifter based on a triangular patch. In [65], the BM consisted of two 45 • and two 90 • couplers, without any crossover. The 45 • and 90 • couplers were based on a dumb-bell shape and cross slots, respectively.…”

Section: ) Bm Without Crossovermentioning

confidence: 99%

Butler Matrix Based Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antenna Systems: A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions for 5G Applications

et al. 2021

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Due to the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, the number of wireless users are radically increasing. Currently, ∼23 billion wireless devices are connected to the internet, and these numbers are expected to increase manifolds in the years to come. The technology growth of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems will be needed to meet this high demand of the network. 5G wireless systems offer data-rates of up to 10Gbps, 1-ms latency, and reduced power consumption. It is a known fact that 5G wireless systems will be exploiting beyond the presently used 3 GHz microwave and millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands. This is the primary driver in the development of the 5G wireless system. Multi-beam Phased array antenna (PAA) systems are typically used in the deployment of 5G systems for high-gain and directionality. In current 5G and future Beyond 5G (B5G) antenna array systems, beamforming networks (BFNs) such as the Butler Matrix (BM) will play a key role in achieving multi-beam characteristics. So, this paper presents an extensive review of the BM based BFNs, and discusses which type of BM will be suitable for the phased array antenna (PAA) systems in the upcoming 5G and next-generation of B5G wireless systems. Moreover, this paper also summarizes the different types of BM designs based on the number of layers. The BMs are classified into the bi-layer, tri-layer, and four-layer structures. It includes different techniques that have been used to solve the problem of crossing, narrow bandwidth, and size reduction of the BM. From the previous studies, it is found that most of the past research work was performed using the bi-layer BM system, whereas the difficult geometries like tri-and four-layer BM are avoided due to their complex fabrication process. It is also found in this paper that the metamaterial (MTM) based bi-layer BM achieves low insertion-loss and phase-error, excellent bandwidth and compact size, and good S-parameter performance, which makes them an ideal BFN candidate for the upcoming 5G and next-generation B5G systems.INDEX TERMS Butler matrix (BM), metamaterial (MTM), 5G, beyond 5G (B5G), beamforming network (BFN), phased array antenna (PAA) systems.

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“…Various types of passive RF beamforming techniques, such as Butler matrix [ 5 ], Rotman lens [ 6 , 7 ], Blass matrix [ 8 ], and Nolen matrix [ 9 , 10 ], have been reported. Of all these, the advantages of the Butler matrix make it an ideal candidate in terms of size, manufacturing costs, bandwidth, reliability, and reciprocity; therefore, it is widely used in several applications, such as Internet of Things (IoT), Wi-Fi, base stations, satellite communications, and automotive radars [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 are common Butler matrix configurations [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. For applications where wider beams are necessary, a 4 × 4 configuration is preferred, and 8 × 8 Butler matrices are preferred for narrower beam applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Loss, 77 GHz, 8 × 8 Microstrip Butler Matrix on a High-Purity Fused-Silica (HPFS) Glass Substrate

Sakhiya

Chowdhury

2023

Sensors

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A low-loss, compact, ultra-thin, passive, 77 GHz, 8 × 8 microstrip Butler matrix on a 200 μm thick high-purity fused-silica (HPFS) glass substrate embedded in 0.8 μm thick patterned gold conducting layers was developed for low power automotive radars. The first-of-its-kind, HPFS, glass-based Butler matrix comprised 12 hybrid couplers, 16 crossovers, and 8 phase shifters in a footprint area of 19.1 mm × 26.6 mm. The device and the corresponding building blocks were designed and optimized using 3D electromagnetic finite element method (FEM) simulations using the Advanced Design System (ADS) from Keysight™ Technologies. Due to the very-low-loss tangent of the HPFS glass substrate (0.0005 @77 GHz) compared to other common substrate materials and rigorous design optimization, the return loss and isolation of the input ports are both below –20 dB, respectively, as verified by 3D FEM simulations. Due to the absence of any published data on a 77 GHz 8 × 8 Butler matrix, the design was validated by developing a 4 × 4 version of the Butler matrix using the same building blocks and comparing the 3D simulation results in ADS with results published elsewhere that showed that the developed Butler matrix offers lower insertion loss in a 10% smaller footprint area. A low-cost microfabrication method has been developed to fabricate the devices using a standard lift-off process. A scaled version of the device can be used for 5G beamforming applications.

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Beam steerable subarray with small footprint for use as building block in wall‐mounted indoor wireless infrastructure

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

A Compact Broadside Coupled Stripline 2-D Beamforming Network and Its Application to a 2-D Beam Scanning Array Antenna Using Panasonic Megtron 6 Substrate

A Compact Broadside Coupled Stripline 2-D Beamforming Network and Its Application to a 2-D Beam Scanning Array Antenna Using Panasonic Megtron 6 Substrate

Butler Matrix Based Beamforming Networks for Phased Array Antenna Systems: A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions for 5G Applications

A Low-Loss, 77 GHz, 8 × 8 Microstrip Butler Matrix on a High-Purity Fused-Silica (HPFS) Glass Substrate

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