BEE-DRONES: Energy-efficient Data Collection on Wake-Up Radio-based Wireless Sensor Networks

UAV Path Optimization for Precision Agriculture Wireless Sensor Networks

“…However, mathematically there are countless potential trajectories, making it possible to create more economical routes in terms of flight distance. The TSP algorithm that provides the lowest path cost among all SNs has NP-Hard [20,27] complexity; therefore, several studies propose heuristic models that may offer results as good as TSP, but with a much lower computational complexity. We used as a benchmark the Nearest Neighbor (NN) heuristic TSP model without optimization, which forces the UAV to fly over the coordinates of each SN.…”

“…Kashuba et al [19] carried out studies to optimize UAV paths using the bisector angle to direct the UAV through sensor nodes (SNs), reaching UAVs flight path optimization rates of approximately 25% compared to a non-optimized route, where the UAV must fly over all SN coordinates. Trotta et al [20] studied the use of UAVs to collect sensory data scheduling the active time of grounded SNs with UAV flight enhancing SN lifetime. Xiong et al [21] studied a model that synchronizes the UAV path according to the transmission and hibernation period of sensors on the ground, seeking energy efficiency improvements for stations.…”

“…Although there are many studies on the application of UAVs in agriculture for collection of sensory data, many authors point out the difficulty in designing systems where SNs have their transmission and hibernation intervals scheduled according to the predefined UAV route [20,24], still being a challenging issue.…”

“…As the UAV must fly over them to find out which are their active timeslots, along with the Prohibition List, we propose a new strategy ensuring UAV path length reduction, associated with a reduction in the SN active time after SNs are properly scheduled. Our focus was not to evaluate the quality of data transferred between UAV and SNs, or study energy constraints of the communication because these aspects were already explored by related authors [20][21][22]. Our goal in this work is to investigate the dynamics of UAV flight to understand which scenario presents better results based on each functionality of the system.…”

Advanced Monitoring Systems Based on Battery-Less Asset Tracking Modules Energized through RF Wireless Power Transfer

“…Maintenance in WSNs is not just an expense concern; it can also involve complexities in terms of safety and access, and some environments may simply be too hot for reliable battery operation. In common working conditions [25], a substantial reduction in battery power consumption can be achieved by reducing or eliminating standby power [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], which can directly translate into longer system lifetime, further miniaturization, and reduced maintenance intervention frequencies. Maintenance of battery-powered nodes can also be facilitated by implementing over-the-distance wireless battery charging using radio frequency (RF) wireless power transfer (WPT) [35][36][37][38][39][40].…”