Before the Cultural Cold Wars: American philanthropy and cultural diplomacy in the inter-war years

Rietzler, Katharina

doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2010.00548.x

Cited by 20 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…These groups worked informally but closely with the League of Nations, attaining, in effect, 'quasi-membership'. 279 Other forms of soft power that used 'banks not tanks' included the American Library Association, which developed cultural programmes across Europe, and the American University at Fontainebleu, established in 1921. 280 (The founding composition teacher at Fontainebleu, Nadia Boulanger, went on to teach generations of American composers.)…”

Section: Conclusion: Post-war Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Round Table: A ‘Musical League of Nations’? Music Institutions and the Politics of Internationalism between the Wars

COLLINS¹,

KELLY²,

TUNBRIDGE³

2022

J. R. Music. Assoc.

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This round table grew out of two gatherings in 2018–19 that endeavoured to bring musicologists into dialogue with recent revisions in the history of international relations.1 Our specific focus was the interwar period, more often discussed in terms of nationalism – or perhaps at best transnationalism – than within the context of internationalism, a principle that lay behind the foundation of elite governmental organizations such as the League of Nations, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the International Labour Organization and others. As the historians Glenda Sluga and Patricia Clavin have shown, the construction of objects of global governance by these organizations ran alongside a broader sweep of non-governmental groupings that forwarded the interests of indigenous, working-class, anti-colonialist, anti-slavery and feminist causes.2 What role or roles did music play in these contexts? The case studies that follow illustrate the far-reaching implications of internationalist policies for musical institutions, groups and individuals.

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Section: Conclusion: Post-war Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Round Table: A ‘Musical League of Nations’? Music Institutions and the Politics of Internationalism between the Wars

COLLINS¹,

KELLY²,

TUNBRIDGE³

2022

J. R. Music. Assoc.

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“…The United States government was in comparison a late entrant into the field of cultural diplomacy: until the Good Neighbour Policy of the 1930s, it had allowed cultural relations to remain the preserve of civil society groups and charitable foundations (Krenn, 2017, pp. 54-56;Rietzler, 2011). In the context of efforts to roll back Soviet influence around the world in the post-war period, however, the US took steps to institutionalize its cultural diplomacy efforts, within the broader public diplomacy framework established by the founding of the United States Information (USIA) in 1953 (for a comprehensive history of USIA, see Cull, 2008b).…”

Section: Cultural Diplomacy In the Cold Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural Diplomacy

Clarke¹

2020

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies

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Cultural diplomacy designates a policy field, in which states seek to mobilize their cultural resources to achieve foreign policy goals. The nature of those goals, and of the cultural resources mobilized to achieve them, has been subject to historical change, and a range of terminology has been used to designate this kind of policymaking in different national and historical contexts. Nevertheless, the term cultural diplomacy is a viable one for designating this particular area of foreign policy, which is often understood as one component of a state’s broader public diplomacy or, following Joseph Nye’s terminology, its “soft power.” Cultural display and exchange have arguably always played a role in the relations between peoples. With the emergence of the modern state system in the early modern period, such display and exchange became an expression of formal diplomatic relations between courts, yet it is only in the 19th century that we see the emergence of cultural diplomacy in the sense it is understood today: It is no longer a matter of communication between rulers, but rather an expression of national identity directed at an international public. Throughout the 19th century, cultural diplomacy was closely associated with the rivalry of the Great Powers, particularly in the colonial context. However, following the end of the First World War, cultural diplomacy increasingly came to be understood as a means to pursue ideological competition, a trend that became central to the cultural diplomacy of the Cold War. Nevertheless, scholarship’s focus on the cultural dimensions of the confrontation between the two Cold War superpowers has drawn attention away from other varieties of cultural diplomacy in the “Third World” or “Global South,” which sought to establish forms of solidarity between postcolonial nations. The post–Cold War world has been characterized by a shift in the rhetoric surrounding cultural diplomacy, which now frequently contains an economic dimension, as states compete for markets, investments, and attention in the context of neoliberal globalization. Nevertheless, we also see a pluralization of strategies of cultural diplomacy, in which a range of actors tailor their approach to cultural foreign policy according to their own perceived position in a multipolar world. Nevertheless, despite the continued popularity of cultural diplomacy in policymaking circles and the significant attention it has received from researchers in the 21st century, the assessment of the impact of cultural diplomacy remains a challenge.

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“…A pesar de ello, se puede observar en la gestión de la expedición la incidencia, en la década de 1920, de redes de relaciones que notablemente se solapaban con esa cuestionable actividad. Estas redes estaban generalmente asociadas al comercio, las relaciones diplomáticas internacionales, la expansión global de las corporaciones, la academia y la filantropía cultural mediante el apoyo a actividades científicas en el extranjero de fundaciones norteamericanas, como Carnegie o Rockefeller (Rietzler 2011). A lo cual se le suma la influencia de hombres de negocios expatriados, como Apollonio, quienes pueden ser considerados como brokers que actuaban localmente vinculando cada uno de esos mundos, trabajando en ocasiones como informantes o como subagentes de espionaje.…”

Section: Lothrop El Trabajo De Campo Y Las Redes De Espionajeunclassified

El Contexto Sociohistórico De Las Investigaciones De Samuel K. Lothrop en El Delta Del Paraná, Argentina

Bonomo¹,

Farro

2014

Chungará (Arica)

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En este artículo se estudia la historia de las investigaciones de Samuel Kirkland Lothrop, Jr. (1892-1965 en el Delta del Paraná, Argentina. Sus objetivos son (i) contextualizar los trabajos de campo en los sitios arqueológicos Arroyo Malo, El Cerrillo y Arroyo Sarandí, (ii) aportar a la historia de la disciplina y (iii) analizar las redes establecidas entre las instituciones involucradas (Museo de La Plata y Museum of American Indian). Para ello se relevaron documentos inéditos y bibliografía sobre este arqueólogo norteamericano, los cuales revelan que durante las dos guerras mundiales Lothrop actuó como espía en distintos países de Latinoamérica. Este artículo presenta un estudio de la historia de las investigaciones de Samuel K. Lothrop en el Delta del Paraná, Argentina. Su objetivo específico es contextualizar históricamente los trabajos de campo de Lothrop (1932) en los sitios arqueológicos Arroyo Malo, El Cerrillo y Arroyo Sarandí. Más allá de contribuir a la memoria histórica de nuestra disciplina en Latinoamérica, en estas páginas se reflejan las diferentes implicancias sociales de la práctica arqueológica y de las relaciones institucionales que permean cotidianamente el desarrollo de las investigaciones en ese campo. El caso de Lothrop es un claro ejemplo de cómo la reconstrucción del pasado puede estar atravesada por objetivos económicos o políticos e incluso por las estrategias militares del momento. Las importantes investigaciones arqueológicas efectuadas en el Delta del Paraná por Samuel Lothrop, favorecidas por su visión global del pasado americano, han dejado una ineludible impronta en la arqueología rioplatense hasta el día de hoy. Las investigaciones del arqueólogo norteamericano en el Delta del Paraná tuvieron y tienen un fuerte impacto en la arqueología pampeana, del Nordeste argentino, de Uruguay y el sur de Brasil.Para este trabajo fueron consultados artículos periodísticos, fotografías, cartas, el diario y las notas de campo depositados en el archivo Samuel K. Lothrop del Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (PMAE) de Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts), institución para la cual Lothrop trabajó cuando aún era estudiante de grado y donde retornó e investigó hasta sus últimos días como emérito (Willey 1976

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Before the Cultural Cold Wars: American philanthropy and cultural diplomacy in the inter-war years

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Round Table: A ‘Musical League of Nations’? Music Institutions and the Politics of Internationalism between the Wars

Round Table: A ‘Musical League of Nations’? Music Institutions and the Politics of Internationalism between the Wars

Cultural Diplomacy

El Contexto Sociohistórico De Las Investigaciones De Samuel K. Lothrop en El Delta Del Paraná, Argentina

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